Term
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Definition
| close relationship btween 2 different types of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1 org benefits, other neither harmed or benefits |
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Term
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Definition
| one org benefits, other harmed |
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Term
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Definition
| one org hampers or prevents the growth/survival of another org but receives no benefit (PCN) |
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Term
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Definition
| _______ (mold) --> PCN: production inhibs growth of other orgs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 1. birth process 2. breathing 3. feeding |
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Definition
3 establishments for Microbiota.
1. during __________
2. (1st for C-section)
3. (influenced by caregiver) |
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Term
| 1. resident flora 2. transient flora |
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Definition
2 Categories of Microbiota:
1. orgs that remain on us or in us for life
2. temporarily |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that doesnt cause disease in normal state |
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Term
| 1. immunocompromised/suppressed 2.changes in normal flora 3. entrance of normal flora into abnormal regions |
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Definition
3 Cases of pathogens:
1.due to age, stress, poor diet
2. typically "in balance", out of balance w/ antibiotics, can lead to outgrowth (C Diff)
3. doesn't naturally occur |
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Term
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Definition
| point of body where it can get in; orgs may come from exogenous or endogenous source |
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Term
| 1.skin 2.mucous memb 3. palcenta 4. parenteral routes |
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Definition
| 4 Portal of Entries: 1. 2. 3. 4. |
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Term
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Definition
| Portal of Entry: very difficult for pathogens to breach keratinized layers, dead cells; via damage not caused by pathogen (cut, abrasions), hair follicle/sweat glnd, few can burrow thru, fungi w/ digestive enzymes that eat it |
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Term
| mucous membranes (1. GI tract 2. Resp Tract 3. Urogenital tract 4. Conjundiva) |
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Definition
Portal of Entry:______________
1. pathogens presnt in food H2O & other; Shigella, Salmonella, Vibrio, Polio, HepA, rotavirus, Entameoba Giardia
2. by a dust, moiustre, resp droplets; Streptococci, Neisseria, Bordetella, Rhinovirus, Varicella-Zoster
3. STIs; UTIs
4. pinkeye (from Haemophilus aegyptius); Chlamydia, Neisseria |
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Term
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Definition
| Portal of Entry: spontaneous abortion, premature delivery, birth defects |
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Term
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Definition
| Portal of Entry: any other route; introduction of the organism into deep tissues, surgery insect bites |
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Term
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Definition
| degree 2 which an org can cause disease; determined by virulence factors (genetic) (antibiotic resistance, toxin production) |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of org to cause disease |
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Term
| adhesion - colonization - invasion - evasion - toxins - exit |
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Definition
| Pathogens must 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. |
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Term
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Definition
Pathogens must..
1. be able to _____; 1st step in any infection |
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Term
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Definition
Pathogens must..
2. pathogen establishes @ portal of entry |
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Term
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Definition
Pathogens must..
3. move from initial coloniz sit; prod xtracellular sub --> aid by disrupting host celll memb |
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Term
evasion
a. capsule b. mutate |
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Definition
Pathogens must...
4. must _____ orgs host defenses
a. _____-prod substances that bind 2 host antibodies
b. ____ to change their surgace, 1&2 both inhib function of immune system = survival, kill/damage immune cell |
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Term
toxins
a. exotoxin
b. endotoxin |
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Definition
Pathogens must...
5. subs produce by MO that damage host cells or interfere w. host cells function
a. secreted by MO during log (Tetanous toxin)
b. cmpnts of MO cell wall (LPS-released during bacterial lysis) |
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Term
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Definition
Pathogens must...
6. portals of exit (many times the same of portal of entry); fecal release, bld & other fluids resp (resp easiest to get) |
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Term
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Definition
| colonization of host by infectious agent |
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Term
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Definition
| infectious agent causes pathological changes that interfere w/ normal host function (makes you sick) |
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Term
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Definition
| study of cause of disease etiological agent --> cause |
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Term
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Definition
| Patterns of Infections: org confined 2 entry site |
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Term
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Definition
| Patters of Infections: pathogen spreds from local site 2 other surrounding tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| Patters of Infections: infection moves thru body |
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Term
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Definition
| Patters of Infections: several agents established @ same time |
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Term
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Definition
| Patters of Infections: rapidly, pronounced, severe symptoms; leaves rapidly |
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Term
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Definition
| Patters of Infections: last, persist, =nosever symptoms, long-term |
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Term
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Definition
| Patters of Infections: initial infection thats followed by 2nd infection (2nd in onyl there bcuz 1st infection) |
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Term
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Definition
| Patters of Infections: patho takes advantage of damage due to primary infection or immunocompromisable state of host |
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Term
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Definition
| Patters of Infections: dangerous w/ no symtoms, persists for very long period of time, can be infectious |
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Term
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Definition
| # of ppl infected by disease during given time vs. entire population |
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Term
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Definition
| # of deaths resulting from disease vs entire population |
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Term
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Definition
| # of new cases over period of time in entire population |
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Term
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Definition
| total # of cases in entire population |
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Term
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Definition
| repeatedly present in given population or geographic region (cold) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| breaks out w/ great frequency than normal in entire population or geographical region |
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Term
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Definition
| world-wide epidemic (AIDs) |
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Term
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Definition
| locations that harbor pathogens |
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Term
| animal - human - nonliving |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Modes of Transmission: physical contact (resp, staphylococcal, Measles, Scarrlet fever, STIs/STDs, +more) |
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Term
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Definition
| Modes of Transmission: path comes from resevior to host via fomite (HIV, Hep B/C) |
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Term
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Definition
| Modes of Transmission: only includes RESP droplets that travel ONE meter from surface (pneunomia, pertussis) |
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Term
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Definition
| Modes of Transmission: droplet nuclei, airisoles, dusts that travel >1meter (sneeze, cough, AC, bed linens) |
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Term
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Definition
| Modes of Transmission: ignestion of untreated/poorly treated water sources (fecal, oral route) (diarrheals: Gardinssis, Cholera) |
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Term
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Definition
| Modes of Transmission: improperly cooked/poorly processed/unrefridgerated/poorly fridgerated (parasitic worms, e coli, Hep A) |
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Term
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Definition
| Modes of Transmission: depends on situation (bld, saliva, mucous, urine) |
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Term
| biological vectors & anthroppods |
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Definition
| Modes of Transmission: serve as host for part of MO life cycle (mosquitoes, tics, mites, fleas) |
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Term
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Definition
| Modes of Transmission: anthropods are passive (external body transmits infection) (flies) |
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Term
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Definition
| acquired during course of treatment in hospital/other clinical setting = HC-associated infections |
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Term
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Definition
| type of infection: pathogens in HC environment (on faucets, door knobs, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| type of infection: pts normal flora (harder to control) |
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Term
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Definition
| type of infection: medical procedures (catheters, etc) |
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Term
| site - environment conditions - susceptibility of MO |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Microbial Control: Susceptibility of MO
-most vegatative bacteria, fungi agents: envelop virus, trophs. |
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Term
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Definition
Microbial Control: Susceptibility of MO
-some fungal spores, potential cysts, naked viruses (psudomonias, Staphylococcous, Mycobacterium) |
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Term
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Definition
Microbial Control: Susceptibility of MO
-bacterial endospores, prions |
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Term
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Definition
| anything infectious, all life forms (chem/heat); prion(auto-clave in IN NaOH) |
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Term
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Definition
| distruction of veg MO viruses; no endospores, nonliving (inert) surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| dec MO counts to "safe" levels |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. red # of MO that cause spoilage 2. remove pathogens 3. protect quality of food |
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Term
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Definition
| permanant loss of reproductive ability |
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Term
| 1. true 2. # of MO 3. nature of MO 4. environment 5. concentration of agent 6. contaminating organics |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Type of heat:
-autoclave = steam (100degressC) + 15pnds pressure -> 120degC -> 20mins = kill |
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Term
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Definition
Type of Heat:
-incinerate (not reuseable), oven(reuseable: 160-70degC, 2-4hr) |
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Term
| temp-osmotic pressure-radiation-filtration |
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Definition
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Term
a. ionizing
b. nonionizing |
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Definition
Radiations: both effect DNA
a. gama rays, xrays
b. UV Ray, does not pentrate well |
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Term
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Definition
| remove particulate from air & fluids (HEPA) |
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Term
| high efficiency particulates agent |
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Definition
| aka. HEPA - used when heat is not alternative |
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Term
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Definition
Chemical Control:
-original disingectant/antiseptic = carbonic acid; denature protein, distrupts ell memb; good in organic contamincation remain active for long time; nasty odor & irritating animal quarters & cespodds |
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Term
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Definition
| Phenol+soal: ____ ex) Lysol -lower levels disinfectant |
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Term
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Definition
| not 4 skin ex)spray Lysol |
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Term
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Definition
Chemical Control:
-reactive nonmetals (CL, I, Br, F)
-Br & F are too dangerous
-denature protein = no metabolism
ex)Bleach(sodium hypochlorite), Iodine(Betadine), Alchohol |
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Term
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Definition
Chemical Control:
-chems that reduce surgace tension to allow penetration of solvent
-ex)detergents & soaps: aid in removal by washing |
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Term
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Definition
Chemical Control:
-cationic detergents -> + charge!
-so they can kill(antimicrobial activity) = disrupts membrane
-used on skin & well except they do nothing for naked viruses, microbacteria, endospores, pseudos |
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Term
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Definition
Chemical Control:
-Hg, Ag, Au, Cu, As, Zn, + more
-block protein function
-silver nitrate used as solution for eye drops
-arsenic-antiproteinz. ($, many pt died from this rather than disease)
-copper-water systems
-silver sulfide-burns |
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Term
Alkylating Agents
a. aldehyde b. ethylane oxide gas |
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Definition
Chemical Control:
-inactive nucleic acid & protein
a. Aldehides
-> Glutaraldehyde
formaldehyde = stinks
b. colorless, odorless, carcinogens, explosive on air, use in industry |
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Term
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Definition
| body's ability to respond to foreign entries |
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Term
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Definition
2 Divisions to Immune System:
-born active, responds same way every time |
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Term
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Definition
2 Divisions to Immune System:
-req education to respond, does not respond same way everytime, memory/cell/humoral, immunocompetent/immunosuppressed or immunocompromised |
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Term
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Definition
-protein best, carb, lipid, nucleic acid; large-body only responds to
-small pieces = ________ |
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Term
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Definition
MHC 3 Types:
-present on all of cell xcept RBC |
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Term
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Definition
MHC 3 Types:
-present on macrophages, B cells, dendrite cell; used to present antigen to immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| soluble & surface associated glycoprotein, prod only bt B cells, integral to humoral response, immunoglobulin (Ig) or gamma globulin |
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Term
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Definition
5 Types of Ab:
-monomer, msot cmn Ab in _____
-cross placenta --> protect fetus/infant
=passive "maternal umbrella" |
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Term
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Definition
5 Types of Ab:
-monomer in bldstream, dimer in secretions-held 2gether by J chain
-protects against mucosal invasions |
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Term
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Definition
5 Types of Ab:
-pentamer
-1st Ab produced in response
-only Ab children upto age 2
-clumping Ag, present on surface of B cells |
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Term
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Definition
5 Types of Ab:
-presention B cells
-function UNK |
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Term
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Definition
5 Types of Ab:
-monomer
-allergy & protection against certain parasites |
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Term
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Definition
| both function in education to adaptive response (bone marrow-Bcells, thymus-T cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| site where immune systems (adaptive) engages w/ Ag (tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal, appendix) |
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Term
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Definition
| Granulocytes: inc # WBC, phagocytes, 1st to respond to infection, ingest & kill pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
| Granulocytes: parasitiv infection, 2ndary function is allergies |
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Term
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Definition
| Granulocytes: dec # WBC, primary allergy |
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Term
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Definition
Agranulocytes: bld stream, macrophage, in tissue, phagocytes, antigen presenting cells (APCs); wandering macrophage short lived enter tissure during infection; resident on fixed macrophages theyre there all the time
-ex)Kupffer cell(liver), Mesengeal cell, osteoclasts, microglial |
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Term
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Definition
| Agranulocytes: APCs, take in Ag & stimulate T cells |
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Term
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Definition
| bcell-humeral response, tcell-cell mediated |
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Term
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Definition
Host Defense:
Innate Response- "barriers"
-physical barries (skin, mucous)
-chem barriers (pH, sweat, sebum, lysozynes(
-mech barriers (blink, cough, sneeze, cilia, urine, tears)
microbial barries (normal flora) |
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Term
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Definition
Host Defense:
Innate Response-phagocytosis
-Ag is physically engulfed by phagocyte
-phagocytes wil kill & break dec Ag
-Macrophage present small pieces to adaptive systems |
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Term
| red - heat - swelling - pain |
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Definition
Host Defense:
Inflamation-4 signs.
1. vasodilation @ site of infeciton
2. vasodilation = warmer
3. edema; dilate
4. pressure/swellling & microbial prodcuts |
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Term
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Definition
Host Defense:
aka Pyrexia; body-wide, controlled by hyptohalamus; endogenous or exogenous pyrogens
-high = good
-too high = bad |
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Term
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Definition
Host Defense:
-interfere w/ viral infection
1.inhjib viral replication
2. inc neighboring cell resistance |
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Term
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Definition
Host Defense:
alter behavior of host immune cells |
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Term
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Definition
Host Defense:
-bld protein system "Cascade"
1. attracts WBC to infection
2. creates the membrane attack complex
-"Third Line of Defense" (adaptive) |
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Term
Third Line of Defense
1. cell mediated
2. humeral immunity |
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Definition
Adaptive use of T & B cells
1. T cells
a. cytotoxic-recogniz abnormal host cells
b. helper-activate cytotoxic B & T cells
2. B cell based -> Ab production |
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Term
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Definition
| reduction or removal of chemical agents |
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Term
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Definition
| process of scrubbing/soaking skin free of germs |
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