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| uptake of oxygen from environment and disposal of carbon dioxide into environment |
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| a localized extension of the body surface of many aquatic animals, specialized for gas exchange |
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| elaboration of body wall - increase SA; gas exchange across two thin epithelia -decrease d; epithelial ciliated- increase p |
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| in osteichthyans, a protective bony flap that covers and protects the gills |
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| highly vascularized; picks up oxygen from water through lamellae |
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| the opposite flow of adjacent fluids that maximizes transfer rates |
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| series of rigid tubes, lined by exoskeleton; reaches every cell; movement via diffusion; closeable spiracles to decrease water loss; circulation system not involved |
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| prevent water loss; determined by gas loss |
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| expandable internalized sacs supported by body; in thoracic cavity and covered by membrane |
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| windpipe; C-shape rings of cartilage maintain the shape |
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| two branches leading to each lung |
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| one of the fine branches of the bronchus that transports air to the lungs |
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| one of the dead-end, multilobed air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface of lungs |
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| a sheet of muscle that forms the bottom wall of the thoracic cavity in mammals; active in ventilating the lungs |
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| mechanisms of contracting of diaphram and rib muscles contract; occurs via negative pressure and increases volume |
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| thorax and lungs elastic; relaxed muscles, decrease volume |
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| one-way flow through lung; air sacs and lung; lung only site of gas exchange |
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| ventilates the lungs; forcing air in one direction through tiny // tubes called parabronchi |
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| vertebrate Hemoglobin (Hb) |
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| iron- containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen |
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