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| The cells in neural tissue? (two) |
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Definition
| neurons and neuroglial cells aka neuroglia, glia, and glial cells |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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| cranial nerves and spinal nerves |
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| picks up sensory info and delivers it to the CNS |
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| carries info to muscles and glands |
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| Divisions of the motor divisions (2) |
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| carries info to skeletalmuscles |
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| carries info to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands |
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| 3 general functions of the nervous system? |
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Receiving stimuli=sensory function
Deciding about stimuli=integrative function
reacting to stimuli=motor function |
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| sensory receptors gather info, info is carried to the cns |
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| sensory info used to create: sensations, memory, thoughts, and decisions |
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| decisions are acted upon, impulses are carried to effectors |
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| neurons share certain features (3) |
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| Dendrites, cell body, and axon |
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| myelinated axons, considered fiber tracts |
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| unmyelinated structures, have cell bodies, dendrites |
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| neurons can be classified into 3 groups |
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| Bipolar neurons, unipolar neurons, and multipolar neurons |
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| 2 processes, eyes, ears, nose |
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| 1 process, ganglia of PNS, sensory |
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| 99% of neurons, many processes, most neurons of CNS |
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| Afferent, Carry impulse to CNS, most are unipolar, some are bipolar |
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| link neurons, aka ass neurons or internuncial neurons, multipolar, located in CNS |
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| multipolar, carry impulses away from CNS, carry impulses to effectors |
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| types of neuroglial cells in the PNS (2) |
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| Schwann cells, Satellite cells |
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| Produce myelin found on peripheral myelinated neurons, speed up neurotransmission |
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| support clusters of neuron cell bodies (ganglia) |
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| Types of neuroglial cells in the CNS (4) |
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| Microglia, Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Ependyma or ependymal |
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| in the CNS, phagocytic cell |
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| in the CNS, scar tissue, mop up excess ions, induce synapse formation, connect neurons to blood vessels |
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| in the CNS, Myelination cell |
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| in the CNS, ciliated, line central canal of spinal cord, line ventricles of brain |
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| nerve impulses pass from neuron to neuron at_____, moving from a ____ ____ to a |
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Definition
| synapses, pre-synaptic neuron, post-synaptic neuron |
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| ________ are released when impulse reaches synaptic knob |
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| usuall polarized(electrically charged) inside is negative outside is positive |
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| Major intracellular positive ions (cations) |
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| major extracellular positive ions (cations) |
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| 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell |
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| -70MV, polarized membrane, Inside of cell is negative relative to the outside of the cell |
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Definition
| resting membrane potential |
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| local potential changes caused by various stimuli |
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Definition
| temperature, light, pressure |
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| environmental changes affect the membrane potential by |
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Definition
| opening a gated ion channel |
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| chemically gated, voltage gated, mechanically gated |
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| If membrane potential becomes more negative, it has |
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| If membrane potential becomes less negative, it has |
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| Reaching threshold potential results in a nerve impulse, starting an |
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| Threshold stimulus reaches |
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| sodium channels open and membrane |
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| potassium leaves cytoplasm and membrane |
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| If a neuron axon responds at all, it responds |
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Definition
| completely- with an action potential (nerve impulse) |
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| a nerve impulse is conducted whenever a stimulus of |
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Definition
| threshold intensity or above is applied to an axon |
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| all impulses carried on an axon are the |
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Definition
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| time when threshold stimulus does not start another action potential |
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Definition
| absolute refractory period |
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| time when stronger threshold stimulus can start another action potential |
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Definition
| relative refractory period |
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| released neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and react with specific molecules receptors in the postsynaptic neuron membrane |
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| may open ion channels and others close ion channels |
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| Graded, depolarized membrane of postsynaptic neuron, action potential of postsynaptic neuron becomes more likely |
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Definition
| Excitatory postsynaptic potential EPSP |
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| grades, hyperpolarizes membrane of postsynaptic neuron, action potential of postsynaptic neuron becomes less likely |
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Definition
| Inhibitory postsynaptic potential IPSP |
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| EPSP and IPSP are added together in a process calles |
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| more EPSP lead to greater probability of an |
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| neurons in the brain or spinal cord synthesize _____ |
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| These neuropeptides act as |
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| examples of neuropeptides (3) |
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Definition
| enkephalins, beta endorphin, substance P |
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| way the nervous system processes nerve impulses and acts upon them |
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| neuronal pools, convergence, divergence |
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| interneurons, work together to perform a common function, may excite or inhibit |
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| various sensory receptors, can allow for summation of impulses |
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| branching axon, stimulation of many neurons ultimately |
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| Groups of interneurons that make synaptic connections with each other, interneurons work together to preform a common function |
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| each pool receives input from other neurons, Each pools generate output to other neurons |
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| neuron receive input from several neurons, incoming impulses represent information from different typres of sensory receptors |
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| allows nervous system to collect, process, and respond to info. Makes it possible for a neuron to sum impusles from different sources |
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| one neuron sends impusles to several neurons, can amplify an impulse |
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| impulse from a single neuron in CNS may be amplified to activate enough motor units needed for muscle contraction |
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