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207 Final
Cultural Anthropology
136
Anthropology
Undergraduate 2
04/15/2013

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Term
Labor Concept
Definition
actor-driven; how the individual integrates with society
Term
Marx
Definition
Those with economic power, physical power, terror, religious, political, intellectual power, all shape social relations.
Bourgeoisie & proletariate. Owners of means of production & the serfs.
Term
Systemic Power
Definition
power is embedded into our culture; power can’t be pinpointed to one person. Ideologies, unions, assumptions of gender, etc. Top down. Focuses on the society as a whole; can’t be compared.
Term
Actor-Focused Power
Definition
power is embedded in the individual. Grass roots, bottom up. Can be compared, is another form of social stratification
Term
Ideologies
Definition
system of ideas.
• What types of ideologies affect us?
• Ie., capitalism is seen as the best economic ideology
• Ie., the university cutting costs affects us.
• Ie., political system in Canada affects us, for it is illegal to speed, smoke drugs, etc.
Term
Chiefdom
Definition
Hereditary, poor are poor forever. Polynesian. People are not equal, Chief clan is royalty. Mostly middle class. Ascribed.
Term
Underlings
Definition
Hereditary slaves & servants in Chiefdom. Own nothing
Term
Bigmanship
Definition
One who has many followers/clients, and gets them to help him out. ACHIEVED. ONE bigman. Uses his followers to fight or earn. When he is broke or dead, new bigman time. Family has best shot, but NOT a blood thing.
Term
Trobrean islanders
Definition
Transitioned from bigmanship to chiefdom.
Term
Nuer People of Sudan
Definition
Social order maintained by feuds between pastoralists. Fairly stable, in fact.
Because of Segmentary Opposition:
• All founded on (patrilineal/agnatic) kinship.
All these agnatic/patrilineal segments are equal
Term
Nuer organization
Definition
Divided into Tribes (10’s)
Tribes divided into clans (10’s)
Clans divided into Sub Clans
Sub clans divided into Lineages.
SO, all men are bound to each other. Closer the link, tighter your bond. Bigger disputes involve more people, and are avoided.
Term
Segmentary Opposition
Definition
creates conditions for intergroup violence just as much as it solves problems. This is because the threat of intergroup violence is what keep s conflicts from escalating.
Term
Economic Man
Definition
Is economically rational.
Term
Maximalization
Definition
strive to gain the most wealth for the least input. BUT, BAD, this applies only in capitalist/individualistic societies. ALSO, it isn’t the individual who deals in economies, but the household.
Term
Formalist Economies
Definition
focus on men like ‘bigman’. Focus on the position of the individual in economic activity. Actor centered.
Capital, credit, profit, all that are applicable in ALL societies, economically.
Generalized
Term
Substantivist Economy
Definition
focus on the systems; more sociological.
More holistic
Considers ecology
Works more on a specific economy/society
Term
Mauss & Economies
Definition
EMPHASIS on exchange.
Principle of social life is exchange. Universally, all times and places there has been a universal principle; 3 obligations 1) To give 2) To receive 3) To reciprocate.
• There are certain times when accepting a gift is bad; when one doesn’t want to establish a social relationship
Term
Polanyi
Definition
dude who talked about certain types of exchange. Sahlins expanded on his work. All societies have 3 kinds of exchange.
Term
Polanyi's modes of exchange
Definition
1) Reciprocity
2) Redistribution
3) Market exchange
Term
Reciprocity
Definition
Relations BETWEEN people, not maximalist. Pastoralists. 3 kinds:
Generalized; Balanced, Negative.
Term
Generalized reciprocity
Definition
Center of society. Altruistic gift-giving. No expectations of IMMEDIATE return. B-Days. Expect something at SOME point.
Term
Balanced reciprocity
Definition
Wider social sphere. Whole of society interacts. EXPLICIT expectation of return. Specified date of return. Ie, bridewealth.
Term
Negative reciprocity
Definition
Negative for party involved. Theft, warfare.
Ie, stealing horses.
Term
Ongoing reciprocal relationship
Definition
Helping buddy move, then he helps you move, etc etc
Term
Tiv Economics
Definition
3 spheres of goods:
1) Individual goods: slaves/wives
2) Prestige: cattle, brass rods, cloth
3) Subsistence: foodstuffs
Term
Tiv Fetishes
Definition
objects used in West Africa to make and enforce agreements.
Term
Tiv trading
Definition
Good trade is moving UP the classes of goods. Food for cattle or cattle for wife.
Bad trade is down the classes.
Across is neutral.
Type of trade is indicator of your moral worth.
Term
Commodity
Definition
A good or service produced for exchanging. Can be transformed into gifts.
Term
Miller
Definition
people use commodities or gifts to maintain a family identity. Gifts which say who a person is. NOT consuming.
Term
Cultural Ecology
Definition
Began with Steward & White in 30's.
Cultures have a core of basic ideas/bare essentials of life. Ideas and knowledge of technology (tools and labor structure)
Term
Shoshoni
Definition
Hunter gatherers who eat rabbits.
Term
Marx & Culture
Definition
All cultures have a base and superstructure.
Base = basic relations of production
Superstructure = all stuff built on top; religions and other controls.
Term
Critiques of Marx and Steward
Definition
Both materialist. Don't account for individual actor's consciousness. Geertz is correct.
Term
Geertz
Definition
Does not imply that there are simple ecological causes for cultural phenomena.
Term
Technology
Definition
KNOWLEDGE OF TECHNICS AND TECHNIQUES.
Artifacts, material tools. Also, beneath the surface they are ideas, knowledge of how to produce things. How people adapt.
Term
Modes of subsistence
Definition
Means to get food. DIFFERENT from modes of production. NOT a linear list. Can skip, return, jump, or be several at once.
Also, ideal types. Not necessarily what would be found IRL.

1) Hunter Gatherers 2) Horticulturalists 3) Agriculturalists 4) Pastoralists 5) Peasants 6) Industrial.
Term
Subsistence
Definition
Things we need to live/function
Term
Hunter gatherers
Definition
Don’t actively produce anything. ALL comes from collecting of meat/vegetation
Pretty nomadic; need to move around a lot. LOTS of room is needed.
Almost no storage capacity; Little surplus; pretty impossible.
Small bands
Term
Horticulturalists
Definition
Cultivate plants; they don’t use animals.
“Swidden agriculture”; slash and burn. Need a good bit of space
Slightly more sedentary
Not much capacity for storing a surplus.
Term
Agriculturalists
Definition
Use of animals in cultivation.
Semi-sedentary
Start to produce surpluses. More capacity
Term
Pastoralists
Definition
Raising of animals/animal husbandry
Nomadic; just like Foragers. Lots of protein eaten.
Very little surplus.
Symbiotic relationship with the agriculturalists.
Term
Peasants
Definition
Agriculturalists who participate in the global market.
Regular agriculturalists cannot sell land, peasant economies let land be sold.
Term
Industrial
Definition
Agriculture becomes industrialized.
Huuuugue. Surpluses. One farmer can feed many families.
Allows for a very complex division of labour.
“Anonymous market” = most interactions are with strangers.
Term
Swidden agriculture
Definition
slash and burn. Need a good bit of space
Term
Conspicuous consumption
Definition
About the purchasing of commodities for the goal of expressing one’s power (wealth).
Things like lobster which are dependent on the circumstances encountered; Lobster is more luxurious in Edmonton than in Truro
Term
Who is conspicuous consuming looking to impress?
Definition
Performance is for the higher & lower class.
Higher class = fitting in/proving your merit.
Lower class = establishing and maintaining the status quo.
About the WHOLE group
Term
Can gifts become commodities?
Definition
Returning or exchanging gifts. Making a return onto the market in a Western society.
NOT that acceptable outside a (western) market system
Term
Adaptive ecological strategies
Definition
Positively adapting to your environment. Windfarms in Lethbridge because it is windy, growing rice in Indonesia.
Term
Maladaptive ecological strategies
Definition
Awesome beneficially at the start, but the maladaptive effects come along later. Ie., burning fossil fuels.
Term
Religion Durkheim
Definition
There are two diametrically opposed spheres of reality; the sacred and the profane.
Ie., the spiritual and the physical
Religion is the provider of alllll knowledge
Term
Religion Taylor
Definition
beliefs in spiritual beings; supernatural
Term
Religion Gertz
Definition
says religion is a system of symbols that makes moods and motivation for people.
Term
Model OF
Definition
provides people a (religious) explanation of the world; cosmology
Term
Model FOR
Definition
= provides people (religious) morality; a value system.
Term
Religion Ericksen
Definition
Contrast of traditional religions and world religions. Oral (traditional) and Written (world).
Term
Traditional religion
Definition
spread and participated in orally.
Yano people.
Shamans.
Open to new religious ideas; don’t seek converts to their religion.
Term
Oral religion
Definition
spread by written texts.
Has full-time religious specialists, only sometimes found in traditional.
Commitment to a specific doctrine spelled out in text.
An intolerance of other religions.
Term
Magic
Definition
Supernatural techniques separate from sprits
Term
Syncretism
Definition
blending of religious ideas and practices.
Traditional religions do this, World religions do not.
Term
Animism
Definition
Tyler's theory. Attribution of a soul to things. Not mentioned anymore.
Term
Kaguru people
Definition
Huge importance of spirits in daily life. They are everywhere!
Term
Immanence
Definition
Spirits are considered to be in the physical world just like plants or animals.
Afterlife is a specific place. Not too far from the territory.
Term
Transcendence
Definition
Spirits/Gods don't exist in any specific place.
Term
Afterlife
Definition
often just ideal versions of current life. Much like the here and now.
Many aspects of the world are inverted.
Day and night, right and left, etc.
Sumbanese; switching matrilineal for patrilineal in marriage.
Hunter-Gatherers, NO belief.
Term
Mortuary Rights
Definition
Some people do practice rituals and rites relating to transferring person from living to dead
Term
Criticism of Tyler & religion
Definition
; focused too much on beliefs and not enough on practices.
As religion is mostly rites and passages...
Term
Rituals
Definition
A rule-bound public performance/special-event. Set aside from the mundane. CAN have rituals that aren’t secular.
BUT, most do yield to a higher power. Ie., USED to HAVE to get married in a church.
Term
Sumbanese Funeral
Definition
Must always take place just before sunset.
Why? Because their night and day is inverted for the dead!
Term
Inclusive Definition of Ritual
Definition
Rituals are an aspect of culturally standardized actions. Everything that is not goal-directed.
Term
Exclusive Definition of Ritual
Definition
A performance with results
Term
Rites of Passage
Definition
Rites are to maintain social stability and reinforce order
3 different types:
Rites of seperation, Rites of transition, Rites of aggregation
Term
Rappaport
Definition
Sacrificing pigs
Mari people of New Guinea served an ecological function; nothing about social stability. Applied elsewhere as well.
Rendered the local ecosystem stable; kept pig to land ratio in check.
Criticized, but does explain how rites/rituals have effects on the real world.
Term
Efficacy
Definition
Looking at a ritual from the effects created
Functionalists
Term
Symbolic expression
Definition
contrasting the efficacy model which is concerned with effects. Symbolic expression considers rituals to simply be symbolic means by which expression is made.
Term
Kachin
Definition
group in Burma, several million of them. Leach worked with them A LOT.
2 ideal forms of social order:
Egalitarian = Gumlao
Hierarchal = Gumsa
Term
Turner's ritual definition
Definition
we must understand the ritual symbols and their significance.
Ndembu people of Zambia have a series of trees as their ritual symbols. “Milk Trees”
In western society, things like flags, christian cross.
Term
Ndembu Milk Trees
Definition
multi vocal symbols; they can mean or refer to many different things.
Ie., Ndembu women have milk trees symbolize femininity, their mothers, fertility, etc
Term
Condensation
Definition
all the different interpretations of the symbols brought together.
Term
Polarity
Definition
Spectrums of symbol interpretation ranging from Material <<>> Abstract Concepts
Term
Eriksen & rituals
Definition
Most important modern rituals are sports.
Leach would agree.
Soccer; talking about the fan behavior. A type of symbolic expression.
Also a multi vocal affair
Term
Maurice Bloch
Definition
researched the two aspects of the ritual of circumcision; as it is a violent ritual in the accompanying sacrifice of animals and cutting off of foreskin. ALSO, the blessing-association of being circumcised.
A paradoxical opposition of these two elements.
Term
Liminal Phases
Definition
Initiates ought to only hang out with those that have been initiated. When we see age sets appear
Term
Sacra
Definition
Heart of the liminal period
Term
Exhibitions
Definition
what is shown to the initiates. Sacred articles or instruments.
Term
Actions
Definition
what is done in the liminal period. Ie., the forced reflecting upon one’s life. Major part of almost every rights of passage.
Term
Instructions
Definition
what is told about the initiates. Learning about the cosmology, sacred rights, society, the future, etc
Bebma society says women must nurse for 2-3 years and may not have sexual relations
Term
Azande Witchcraft
Definition
Pritchard; Meant to explain the specifics of certain happenings. Similar to western religions
Term
Classification
Definition
broad idea; breaking the world up into conceptual bits/categories, mostly through language.
Are people different in the way they classify things?
Yep, kinship and stuff.
For the natural world, there are many similarities between groups.
Nagé people have a very similar means to classifying as western models.
Nipa = snake; goka are snakes
Term
Folk Taxonomy
Definition
- Nagé classifies bats as birds.
Consider them a bird, but a weird bird. Recognize that bats are funny birds.
Term
Taboo
Definition
prohibitions which avoid impurity
Function of classification; classification always leaves out certain animals or plants, can’t be fit in.
Term
Turner & states
Definition
People that reside in liminal states have special power. In between categories have special power as per the book of leviticus.
Term
Douglas
Definition
She was an overgeneralizer
No linguistic determinant
As classification works mostly through language
Term
Totemism
Definition
a system of belief in which each human is thought to have a spiritual connection or a kinship with another physical being.
Such as an animal or plant, often called a "spirit-being" or "totem."
Eating such totems would be supa taboo, if you’re named after a plant, can’t hurt that plant.
Term
Arens
Definition
Claimed cannibalism never existed
Term
Untamed society
Definition
Simple division of labour
Term
Cold/Hot societies
Definition
Cold ones are slow to change with times
Term
Bricoleur
Definition
Employing preexisting concepts to make things. A handyman.
Term
Engineer
Definition
makes new machines from scratch.
Term
Myths
Definition
an oral phenomenon; machines for the suppression of time.
Term
Abstract time
Definition
Time as a commodity, exists outside events taking place. Can be sold and killed.
Term
Concrete time
Definition
clock less societies. Events occur when all is ready. Time isn't a scarce resource as it only exists when events are taking place. Cannot 'kill time'.
Term
Knowledge power
Definition
All knowledge is ideology
Factual knowledge is in every society
2 views: knowledge is socially shaped, and knowledge is socially constructed
Term
Wari
Definition
Cannibalistic. Not Materialism
No evidence of food shortages
Did not occur in order to increase protein.
WAS DONE as a radical alteration of the corpse and the mourner’s relations with the deceased. Takes the body from a human to a non-human. Human person -> a body. A confirmation of affinal ties after death
Term
Endocannibalism
Definition
Aggressive and violent type of eating practice
Term
Melanesian cannibalism
Definition
eating the person takes their quality into the person.
Term
Consanguine
Definition
share blood with. DON’T eat such relatives. Taboo.
Term
Affine
Definition
Loosely tied Kin. THEY eat the body.
Term
Cremation & Wari
Definition
Earth is polluting. Fire is warm and dry and sanitary. Also restructures the relationship with the body.
Eating/Burning the body, free them! Avoids ghosts.
Term
Pinom myth
Definition
fire was stolen. In order to have it back to roast and eat animals, they must ALSO eat humans.
Term
Pritchard article
Definition
Cosmology is important for witchcraft. Witchcraft
Doesn’t explain universe.
It explains particular & variable conditions of life.
Not about WHY an event happened. But WHY an event happened to X & Y for Z reason. Big in Zambian life.
Term
Cargo Cults
Definition
Semi-religious groups who’s entire goal is to collect cargo/goods. Show up in colonialized areas because there is cargo they want.
Why? Coping mechanism; colonialism causes some upheaval. Cargo cults reapply some organization.
OR, maybe a result of deprivation.
Perception of scarcity is greatest.
Term
Applied anthropology
Definition
Uses practical application to fix issued between cultures.
Ie, Anthropologist advocating over a land dispute with Aboriginals.
Or the Ericksen thing, Ecuadorian highlanders & their Guinea pigs.
Uses cages pls, why not? Cuz. Overworked. Cool thx.
Term
Archetti
Definition
Ecuadorian Guinea pigs.
Regarded as an animal that could be consumed. Also as pets.
Also considered to be an omen animal.
Didn’t want to use them just as food.
Term
Ethnicity
Definition
large focus in the west. Applies when there are culturally different populations regularly interacting in one social sphere.
Term
Indeces
Definition
things that give away one’s culture/religion/ethnic identity.
Religion used to play a role, but no longer, as most folks stay within a few languages.
Language also being an indicator; Quebec.
Term
Phenotype
Definition
what people look like. Partly genetic.
Tsunda = considered japanese because of their phenotype.
Term
Ethnic classification
Definition
categorizing people based on their cultural differences.
Stereotypes are a result of ethnic classification
Does have SOME basis in fact. Also over generalizations. Fixed image of people.
Term
Origins
Definition
For a long time, different groups were seen as of different origins.
Term
Boundaries
Definition
Ethnicities are also just certain social contexts
Situational; ethnic identities can be changed over time. Fluid; based on the group they are with.
Term
Ethnic Identity
Definition
Actor centered approach
Term
Ethnic Organization
Definition
systemic approach
Term
nationalism ideology
Definition
holds that cultural boundaries should correspond with political boundaries
Term
Multiculturalism
Definition
doctrine that allows discrete groups the ability to express their nationality, but not to form separate nation states.
Term
Minorities
Definition
in order to maintain their distinctiveness, must operate in modern ways. Appeals are made through modern institutions, like the UN.
Term
Globalization
Definition
Globalization is the expansion of modernity
Space has contracted.
Doesn’t meant that everyone is becoming the same. BUT they use the same means to communicate.
Term
Glocalization
Definition
Refers to the way in which people respond to globalization in local ways.
There are still some places where it is still local.
Synthesis of global and glocal.
Neither wholly global nor local.
Term
Ethnic Category
Definition
socially defined category based on common culture or nationality
Term
Ethnic Network
Definition
Communication within an Ethnic group. People can use others to gain something; ie, hiring your Tibetan bros at your business. Ethnic favors.
Term
Ethnic associations
Definition
Operate corporately. More public than an Ethnic network. Pursues goals on behalf of the community. Ie, cultural sentences.
Term
Ethnic community
Definition
Ethnic group with a clear territorial base. Ethnicity is a pervasive dimension in everyday life. Ie, Israel; clear territory, Jewishness.
TOUGH in multicultural communities. What counts as a territorial base for Swedish Edmontonians? Sweden!
Term
Multiculturalism Benefits
Definition
Express yoself!
Food
Freeeeeedom
Term
Multiculturalism Issues
Definition
Oversimplification/stereotypes.
Happens whenever cultures interact.
Reducing “Chinese” to spring rolls.
Lack of national identity/unity
Some practices are not compatible with Western ideals.
Cannot have more than 1 wife, pal!
Term
Situational boundaries
Definition
how ethnicities maintain their uniqueness. Public ceremonies, means of dressing, FOOD TABOOS & PREFERENCES, RELIGION & CELEBRATIONS, LANGUAGE.
Food is one of the last things given up during assimilation.
Ie, Ukrainians having their holidays purposefully after Canada
Term
Mosaic vs Meltingpot
Definition
Canada is a mosaic, USA is a melting pot.
Differences in situational boundaries?
In mosaic you tend to see more boundaries, as you can express more freely.
Put up boundaries, BECAUSE you can.
Term
Suda article
Definition
Positive use of stereotypes?
Conceptualized as smart, quiet, good
Negative use of stereotypes?
How do these stigmatized Japanese deal with their stereotype?
Accentuate their interest in Brazil. Did their Samba dancing, being super unique. Nostalgia for the homeland.
Returned to Japan, seen as lazier, dumber, TOO Brazilian.
Term
Watson article:
Definition
McDonalds in Hong Kong. A Symbol of glocalization. Food stayed the same, BUT cultural differences altered their operations.
Glocalization, catering to the local ethnic populations.
CAN work the other way. But not as often.
Ie, Bollywood.
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