1. Arteries
2. Arterioles
3. Capillaries
4. Venules
5. Veins

1. Arteries
2. Arterioles
3. Veins

What are the 3 layers of a blood vessel called?

1. Tunica adventitia
2. Tunica media
3. Tunica intima

1. Supraorbital artery
2. Frontal artery
3. Nasal artery
4. Lacrimal artery

1. Superior thyroid
2. Ascending pharyngeal
3. Lingual
4. Facial
5. Occipital
6. Posterior auricular
7. Maxillary
8. Superficial temporal

1. Potential (stored in systole, released in diastole)
2. Kinetic

Q=ΔPπr⁴/8Lη

(Q=flow, ΔP=pressure change, r=radius, L=length, η=viscosity)

↓ΔP → ↓Q

↓r → ↓↓↓↓Q

↓L → ↑Q

↓η → ↑Q

Re=Vρ2r/η

(V=velocity, ρ=density, r=radius, η=viscosity)

F [image] P • D

F=Tention

P=Pressure

D=Diameter

1. Stroke volume and ejection time
2. Peripheral resistance
3. Stiffness of arterial walls

1. superficial temporal
2. facial
3. maxillary

During systole in larger vessels (~>3mm).

At the enteranceof a stenosis

At the enterance of a bifurcation

All the time throughout cardiac cycle in smaller vessels (~<3mm)

During diastole in larger vessels (~>3mm)

Further distal in a stenosis

Without manuvers

1. Patency: the vessel is open and flowing (Medicine/Medical . the condition of not being blocked or obstructed.)
2. Spontaneity: the signal is readily available (spontaneities, spontaneous impulses, movements, or actions.)
3. Phasicity: signal ↑↓ in phase w/ respiration
4. Nonpulsatility: does not vary w/ cardiac cycle

With manuvers

1. Augmentation: signal ↑ sharply w/ distal compression or proximal release
2. Competence: no flow signal with proximal compression or valsalva manuver

An object that creates a major reduction of flow and pressure.

(typically a ≥ 50% in diameter structure)

1. Fatty streak (intimal thickening)
2. Soft plaque (fibrous)
3. Dense plaque (calcific)
4. Heterogeneous plaque (complicated lesion) [intimal surface may disintegrate and ulcerate causing thrombotic events]

1. "Response to injury" theory
2. lipid theory
3. tumor theory

1. endothelial injury
2. platelet aggregation in response to injury
3. release of PDGF leading to
4. proliferation of smooth muscle cells
5. formation of connective-tissue matrix
6. deposition of lipids

1. HTN (hypertension)
2. Hypercholesterolemia
3. Smoking
4. Diabetes
5. Family Hx
6. Age
7. Male

Partial or complete impairment of the ability to communicate.

(Slurred speech, trouble speaking. Can't verbalize, trouble finding the right words)

Carotid (Anterior territory)

Not able to communicate, verbal, read, write.

Carotid (Anterior territory)

Temporary (transient) blindness in one eye.

(Drawn lamp-shade, one eye)

Carotid (Anterior territory) ipsilateral

partial paralysis or weakness effection one side of the body

Carotid (Anterior territory)

Tingling or other abnormal/impaired sensation on one side of the body

Carotid (Anterior territory)

Numbness, loss of feeling on one side of the body

Carotid (Anterior territory)

Visual field cut, one or both eyes

Carotid (Anterior territory)

Equilibrium disturbancem a sensation of rotation or movement of one's self or of one's surrounding in a plane. Erroneously used for dizziness.

Vertebro-basilar (Posterior territory)

LOC, or "pre-syncope = sensation of LOC

Vertebro-basilar (Posterior territory)

Queeziness, upset stomach feeling

Vertebro-basilar (Posterior territory)

Gate disturbance, loss of muscle coordination

Vertebro-basilar (Posterior territory)

Visual disturbance or blurred vision in BOTH eyes

Vertebro-basilar (Posterior territory)

Inability or difficulty swallowing

Vertebro-basilar (Posterior territory)

1. Poor image quality due to scattering
2. High bifurcation
3. Deep vessels
4. Acoustic shadowing
5. Anatomical variations

transient ischemic attack

(stroke symptoms lasting fewer than 24 hrs)

1. ICA lumen appears filled with heterogeneous-appearing echos
2. No flow is detected in the ICA lumen
3. Atrophied ICA lumen if occlusion is old
4. Slapping, drumbeat Doppler at ICA origin
5. Blunted Doppler in the CCA (lacking diastolic flow due to distal R)
6. No arterial pulsations of the ICA walls

Periorbital Doppler

or PPG sensors over the orbits

1. Locating and identifying vessels
2. Assessing flow character qualitatively
3. localizing stenotic lesions for spectral sample placement

A.  Zero base line, flow is momentarily not moving in any direction

B. Acceleration of forward blood flow during systole

C. Deceleration of forward blood flow during systole

D.  Zero base line, flow is momentarily not moving in any direction

E.  Blood flow reverses due to higher pressure distally.

F.  Blood flow returns to forward flow due to rebounding of the vessel walls containing elastin

G.  Zero base line, flow is momentarily not moving in any direction.

1. Celiac Axis branching into Hepatic Artery to the right and the Splenic Artery to the left
2. Superior Messenteric Artery
3. Right and Left Renal Arteries
4. Inferior Messenteric Artery

1. Vascular spasm
2. Formation of platelet plug
3. Blood coagulation
4. Growth of fibrous tissue into the clot to close the hole permanently

1. Prothrombin activators formed in response to injury
2. These convert prothrombin into thrombin
3. Thrombin converts fibrinogen into a mesh of fibrin threads, which trap platelets and other blood constituents to form the clot
4. Soon after clot formation, the fibers begin to retract, causing the clot to contract and express the serum from within it.  This pulls the edges of the wond closer together and further halts blood loss

What are 3 factors that promote blood clots?

(Virchow's Triad)

1. Hypercoagulability
2. Vessel-wall injury
3. Statis

What are the risk factors for DVT?

(Baker's dozen)

1. Age
2. Obesity
3. Varicose veins
4. Oral contraceptives
5. Pregnancy
6. Trauma
7. CHF
8. Surgery
9. Infection
10. Previous DVT
11. Cancer
12. Statis
13. Dehydration

What are some symptoms of venous insufficiency and/or obstruction?

1. edema
2. stasis ulcer
3. secondary varicose veins
4. stasis pigmentation changes
5. lipodermatosclerosis
6. Aching, heaviness, full sensation
7. venous claudication

ICA PSV is <125 cm/s with an ICA EDV of <40 cm/s with no evidence of plaque formation.

Secondary information ICA/CCA PSV ratio <2.0

ICA PSV is <125 cm/s with an ICA EDV of <40 cm/s with some evidence (<50% diameter reduction) of plaque formation.

Secondary information ICA/CCA PSV ratio <2.0

ICA PSV is 125-230 cm/s with an ICA EDV of 40-100 cm/s with evidence (≥50% diameter reduction) of plaque formation.

Secondary information ICA/CCA PSV ratio 2.0-4.0

ICA PSV is >230 cm/s with an ICA EDV of >100 cm/s with evidence (≥50% diameter reduction) of plaque formation.

Secondary information ICA/CCA PSV ratio 4.0

ICA PSV may be low or undetectable with an ICA EDV variable with visable evidence of plaque formation.

Secondary information ICA/CCA PSV ratio is variable

ICA PSV will be undetectable with no applicalble ICA EDV and with visable evidence of plaque formation and no detecable lumen.

Secondary information ICA/CCA PSV ratio is not applicable

1. Pain
2. Pallor
3. Paresthesia
4. Paralysis
5. Pulselessness
6. Polor