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Definition
| Produced at great distance from their target, which travel through the bloodstream to their target |
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| Released locally to signal cells right next to each other. |
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Definition
| Signals that require physical contact betwixt cells. |
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| Signals which act upon the same cell that produced them. |
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| Primary Cellular Messenger |
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Definition
| The process of a cell to respond to ligand-receptor binding by altering its behavior or gene expression |
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Definition
| Small quantities of ligand elicit a dramatic response in a target cell |
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Definition
| measure how tightly the receptor bind to ligand |
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Definition
| down-regulation of the receptor affinity |
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Term
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| reduce the density of the receptor |
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Definition
| reduce the receptor affinity (e.g. phosphorylation) |
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Definition
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Definition
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| G protein-linked receptor family |
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Definition
| Ligand binding activates a particular G protein (guanine-nucleotide binding protein) |
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Definition
| Loops; messenger-binding site |
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Definition
loops; G proteins interaction site
Phosphrylation site |
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Definition
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| Usage of GTP/GDP, Respectively |
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Definition
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Definition
| Generated from Cytosol ATP by enzyme Adenylyl cyclase which pulls out a PPi to make it. Catalyzed by Phosphodiesterase to make AMP |
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Definition
| IP3 hits the Calcium channels and goes to Protein Kinase C, DAG goes straight to Protein Kinase C. Activates messenger Acetylcholine. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cAMP, IP3 & DAG, and Calcium Ions |
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Definition
| Catalyzes cAMP back to ATP |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| PKA, which phosphorylates a variety of proteins on ser or thr residues |
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Term
| cAMP binding to PKA to activate PKA activity is an example of ______ regulation |
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Definition
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Term
| Functions of Ephinephrine |
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Definition
| Glucogen degradation, fatty acid production, heart rate and blood pressure regulation. |
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Term
| Secondary Messengers and Cholera |
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Definition
| Chlorera toxin modifies Gs so that it cannot hydrolize GTP, constitutive cAMP production, secretes H20 and Salt into small intestine and rapid dehydration |
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Term
| Secondary Messengers and Whooping cough |
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Definition
| Acts on Gi so it can no longer inhibit adenylyl cyclase, constitutive cAMP production, H20 secreting into lungs |
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Term
| Secondary Messengers and Cholera |
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Definition
| Chlorera toxin modifies Gs so that it cannot hydrolize GTP, constitutive cAMP production, secretes H20 and Salt into small intestine and rapid dehydration |
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Term
| Secondary Messengers and Whooping cough |
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Definition
| Acts on Gi so it can no longer inhibit adenylyl cyclase, constitutive cAMP production, H20 secreting into lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| Transforms PIP2 into IP3 and DAG |
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Term
| Messenger acetylecholine regulates |
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Definition
| Amylase secretion, muscle contractions, and insuline secretion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Calcium-sensitive fluorescent dyes |
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Term
| Where is more Ca2+ found, Cytosol or Cell exterior? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cytosol [Ca2+] is maintained by... |
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Definition
| calcium ATPases; Na+/Ca2+ exchanger |
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Term
| What is released when an egg is fertilzed? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many calcium ions does Calmodium build? |
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Definition
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Term
| What turns Calmodulin into an active complex? |
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Definition
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Term
| When binding to a protein, what physical action does Calmodulin do? |
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Definition
| It 'wraps' around the active site. |
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Term
| What causes a G Protein with GTP to bind a muscarinic Ach receptor? |
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Definition
| the absence of Ach (Acetylcholine) |
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Term
| The Binding of Ach to muscarinic Ach Receptor causes... |
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Definition
| The activation of a G Protein and the opening of a K+ Ion Channel by the by subunit of the G Protein interacting with it. |
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Term
| What does insuline regulate in Glucose metabolism |
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Definition
| Regulates glucose uptake and Glycogen Synthesis through PI3-Kinase |
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Term
| Where are GLUT1 and GLUT2 located? |
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Definition
| Animal Cell Plasma Membrane |
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Term
| What is a Receptor-Hsp complex associate with? |
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Definition
| Steroid hormones (cortisol) |
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Term
| When cortisol bonds with Receptor-HSP Complex, what protein is released? |
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Definition
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