Term
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Definition
Assigning surface structure to linguistic categories
pg. 132-135 |
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Term
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Definition
The "part" of your mind that parses
Makes tree diagrams
Can switch tree diagrams mid-stream of comprehension
Identifies constituents; ex: Pennsylvania state (highway department) (public relations) director
Pennsylvania (state (highway department)) ((public relations) director)
(Pennsylvania (state (highway department))) ((public relations) director)
Strategies - pay attention to what function words predict; pay attention to what grammar category predicts; conjugations; conjugation and noun/verb agreement; in other languages, masculine and feminine noun/verb agreement; process whole constituents at once; attaching meaning based on agreement; expecting relations based on order |
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Term
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Definition
Function words mark the beginning of these
ex: the/a - noun phrase
that/which - relative clause
of/to/into/etc. - prepositional phrase
was/has/etc. -
Form class tells what to expect next, based on information type
ex: noun - category information
adj - property info
verb - event/process info
Identification - prefer late closure; adjacency (words next to each other); minimal attachment (prefers as few nodes as possible) (example in class: easier to understand when...something about verb and noun not being separated? I don't fucking know.) |
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Term
| Example of interactivity in parsing |
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Definition
"Put the salt shaker on the envelope in the bowl"
Strong evidence for interactivity in parsing (it's not modular) because the surface structure (sentence) is unchanged, but the picture is, so understanding of the context is different (context is analyzed in a different part of the brain)
The parser does not work by itself to understand sentences
"salt shaker on envelope" is a bigger module than "salt shaker" and is not understood as being one unit initially
pg. 135-137 |
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Definition
| Structures for conversational sentences |
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Term
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Definition
Surface representation of the text; actual structure of the sentence
pg. 168 |
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Term
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Definition
Understanding of a situation (the idea, not the grammar)
pg. 172
Textual influence - depending on the wording, it colors your perception of a situation
ex: video about the car crash; when the word "contacted" was used, speed was estimated as slow. when the word "smashed" was used, speed was estimated as higher |
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Term
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Definition
| Between textual and situational model; not a full mental image, but more than just the grammar, and includes some ideas of the situation in mind |
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Term
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Definition
| Contextual cues make things easier to understand; creates a schema and helps you remember the situation |
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Term
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Definition
The study of language as an interpersonal interaction, rather than just a code system
Language use is a joint action |
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Term
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Definition
Person A and person B each have their own role, and if they don't coordinate, action won't happen
Phonetic: speaker produces sounds, and the addressee pays attention to the sounds
Syntactic: the speaker produces phrases, and the addressee has to parse them
Semantic: the speaker is talking about something, and the addressee understands the point
Pragmatics: the speaker wants something from the addressee, and the addressee is considering it |
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Term
| Paralinguistic information |
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Definition
| Gestures, expressions, appropriate laughing, etc. |
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Term
| Communication/pragmatics through e-mail |
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Definition
| Paralinguistic cues missing; harder to read emotion; joint aspect is undermined (pressure to respond fast); can't coordinate with others to form a relationship; big chunks of language with no real-time response |
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Term
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Definition
| Form; what a sentence is taken to mean |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The sentence form chosen matches the function (matches what kind of information you're trying to give or get) |
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Term
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Definition
The sentence form chosen does not match the function
Assertion (conveys info, is true or false; interrogative - sentence ends with a question mark); question (elicits info; imperative - first word in sentence is a verb); instruction/command/request (causes others to act in certain ways; declarative - subject, then verb, ends with a period) |
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Term
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Definition
"Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged." (Grice)
In other words, follow these four maxims...
Maxim of quantity: make sure your contributions as informative as required
Maxim of quality: do not say what you believe to be false or do not have evidence for
Maxim of relation: your contributions should be relevant to the current situation/conversation
Maxim of manner: avoid obscurity and ambiguity; be brief and orderly |
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Term
| Conversational implicature |
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Definition
If the speaker deliberately violates the maxims of conversation, it means the speaker is not being literal, so you need to look past sentence meaning, to what it implies about speaker meaning
This is where sarcasm comes from |
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Term
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Definition
Not all thought is verbal
Sensory thinking
Preverbal infants - notice when a ball rolls uphill versus downhill, indicating thought without words
Some thinking is verbal - thinking-for-speaking, to work things out; egocentric speech in children |
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Term
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Definition
Had people reason through problems either out-loud or silently
Problem solving: algebra word problems, insight problems ("aha" experience; new door = one word), propositional logic, decision-making (had people make clinical judgements about hypothetical patients), physical-manipulative tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| When a label is given, you conceptualize stimuli in terms of the mental category you already have in mind for that word; scotty dog study (recognition bias; tell one group to describe the dog, one group gets no instructions, and then have them recall the image later from a list of images; RESULTS?); tree-shovel study (drawing bias; present ambiguous shapes, give either label A, label B, or no label, and the most accurate were those without label) |
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Term
| Verbal overshadowing effect |
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Definition
| Green rectangle study (person provides their own label; shown a picture of a green rectangle, one group writes state capitals, the other describes the pic, the state capital group does better at picking out the shade of green); line-up study (pick a person out of a line-up of similar-looking people, found same effect as in the green study) |
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Term
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Definition
Hear label > activate mental category for it > take for granted category-relevant features > biased memory (remember it not as its own unique self, but as a particular category member)
Scotty dog and tree/shovel example |
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Term
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Definition
Student, studied with linguists at Yale, studied Native American language
His mentor was Sapir
Looked at Hopi, Eskimo, and English - some languages have multiple words for one thing or one word for multiple things (Eskimo has three words for snow, Hopi has one word for things that fly)
Argued for linguistic determinism |
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Term
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Definition
People in different cultures think differently because they have different words for things; language determines the way we think
Studies proving this:
1) English vs. Aymara - way talk about time correlates with how you use space and body language
2) Implicit attitudes test with bilinguals - prejudicial attitudes shift depending on language of test
3) English vs. Mandarin - the way Chinese children learn numbers makes it easier for them to learn quickly (they go past learning 1-10 because "11" is just "ten-one," "12" is "ten-2," etc.)
4) Hebrew vs. Finnish vs. English - the way your language marks gender leads to earlier or later gender awareness
5) teaching people new ways to talk about time makes them think about it differently |
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Term
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Definition
People in different cultures think in ways that are consistent with (but not necessarily caused by) the differences in their languages
Could have different words because of cultural needs for those words |
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Term
| Cross-linguistic variation |
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Definition
The words used in a culture sort of dictate how members of that culture make distinctions (or don't make distinctions)
English has one word for coconut; Tuvaluan has about six, depending on where the coconut is, what state it's in, etc.
The verb "to be" - in Spanish, "ser" vs. "estar" (temporary vs. inherent); in Japanese, "iru" vs. "aru" (animate vs. inanimate being); in Nahuatl, vertical being vs. horizontal being vs. wide, smooth being |
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Term
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Spatial terms in Mixtec: use body metaphors instead of just "on" or "in"
Ex: the person is on the roof = the person is on the house's head
Korean: divide things that are "in" something by how tight the fit is
Finnish: divide things based on a "near relation" between the part and whole and a "distant relation" between the part and whole
Dutch: divides things based upon "sticking," "hanging against gravity," and "around" another object |
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Term
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Definition
Medical view: a serious condition associate with sensory-auditory deprivation
Cultural view: viewing deafness as a difference, not a disability; deaf community as a linguistic minority |
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Term
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Definition
Used in state and federal regulations
Describes eligibility for special education services
Used in medical settings and by clinical professionals |
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Term
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Definition
Preferred term for those who function bilingually and bi-culturally (in the deaf and hearing communities)
Embrace deafness as an identity and use American Sign Language |
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Term
| Historical ideas of deafness |
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Definition
| 355 BCE - Aristotle said those "born deaf become senseless and incapable of reason" |
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Term
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Definition
| 1520 - 1584: Monks sat down with deaf people and showed them how to move their mouths to approximate sound, in order to give them "reason" so they could understand the word of God and go to heaven; also seen as kind of a miracle and gave the monks some credibility |
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Term
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Definition
| 1760 - Thomas Braidwood opened first school for the deaf in England; standardized oral education, but it was kinda sketchy because he wouldn't say how he did it; focused on getting the deaf to speak |
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Term
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Definition
| 1712 - 1789: De L'Eppe established the first school for the deaf in France; financed by the king; first to establish sign language (finger spelling) - now deaf people could communicate with each other |
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Term
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Definition
| Educators for the deaf all gathered to determine if oralism or manual learning was better; oralism won out because it looks the most "normal" |
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Term
| Deaf education in America |
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Definition
1815 - Thomas Gallaudet went to Braidwood to learn to teach deaf people; they tell him he has to live there for ten years and learn their methods and never talk to anyone about it - claim it undermines learning to hear, but there are not data on this
1816 - Laurent Clerk returns to America with Gallaudet
1818-1912 - more than 30 schools for the deaf were established by deaf and hearing teachers from the American School for the Deaf and Gallaudet College
Used manual signs based heavily on the French signing system
Oral movement: 1872 - Alexander Graham Bell was a eugenesist who wanted to prevent deaf people from breeding to eliminate deafness from the gene pool; actually started some school for the deaf; studied cochlear implants
Today - parents are helping hearing children learn words with signs from birth; encouraged for hearing babies, but discouraged for babies with cochlear implants |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the aspects of language that reveal/reflect sociocultural aspects of the speaker/situation |
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Term
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Definition
The subgroups/versions spoken within a single language
Can be regional, socioeconomic, or cultural
"Swiss German" and "high German" are considered the same language, however "hindi" and "urdu," though they are spoken the same, are written differently and considered separate languages; Mandarin and Cantonese are the same language in writing, but completely unintelligible to each other verbally, but are considered the same language (Chinese)
Dialect/language spoken in the capitol is usually the "official" or privileged dialect/language
Differences north-south are bigger than differences east-west
Often separated by a river or mountain range, because it was harder to migrate over those boundaries |
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Term
| "Broadcast standard" American English dialect |
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Definition
Started with a London, England dialect - drop the "r" and pronounce "t" distinctly; took hold in American cities that favored the British; includes Boston; Savannah, GA; Charleston, SC; and Richmond, VA
Philadelphia was the only big city that kept pronouncing "r"; migrated west to midland states
Before WWII, the "prestige" dialect was British-sounding, but after WWII, the "prestige" dialect was the Philadelphia one |
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Term
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Definition
Originally Scots-Irish settlers; also called "mountain-southern" dialect; founder effect
Add "a" prefix before certain types of verbs (DON'T use it when: the "-ing" word is preceded by a preposition; the "-ing" word is being used as a noun; the "-ing" word is being used as an adjective; the "-ing" word doesn't have the stress on the first syllable)
Lexical differences (i.e. "si-gogglin," which means zig-zaggy or lopsided) |
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Term
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Definition
| Wherever the original settlers are from influences the founding language of an area |
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Term
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Definition
Originally Scots-Irish settlers (founder effect)
California doesn't have much of an accent because of the gold rush, when people from all over moved there |
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Term
| African-American vernacular English (AAVE) |
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Definition
"Black English" or "ebonics" (the politically charged term)
NOT the way rappers speak (hip-hop nation language)
Often substitute "d," "f," or "t" for "th"
Drop the "g" at the end of "-ing" words
Often drop the second or third consonant in a consonant cluster
Copula ("to be") absence (this is optional), but never drop "am," "was," or "were"
Habitual "be" (unconjugated "be" used to indicate repetition; "they be playin' basketball" means they're always playing it)
Third-person singular (he or she), drop the "s" at the end of the verb
Double negatives are used |
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Term
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Definition
Used through the 80s and 90s
Typically spoken by youth
Narrow vocabulary for specific topics
No real grammar rules |
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Term
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Definition
African-American dialect spoken on many islands off the coast of SC and GA; persisted in its pure state because of isolation; slaves combined African words and English words to communicate with other slaves (a "pidgin" language)
Stripped down the grammar to the bare essentials
Borrowed words from the different languages available
A creole language |
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Term
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Definition
| A language created by people who don't have a shared language in order to communicate with each other |
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Term
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Definition
A pidgin language that becomes a native language (taught to children who standardize the grammar and add complexity)
Ex: Gullah |
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