Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Growth that causes tissue to increase in size by enlarging each cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth that causes tissue to increase in size by increasing the number of cells |
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Term
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Definition
Any new or continued cell growth not needed for normal development or replacement of dead or damaged tissues
*always abnormal even though it causes no harm
*develop from normal cells (parent cells) |
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Term
| Cells undergo mitosis to (2 reasons) |
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Definition
develop normal tissue
replace lost or damaged normal tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Features of a normal Cell |
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Definition
| Limited Cell Division, Apoptosis, Small nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, Differentiated Function, Tight Adherence, Non Migratory, Orderly and Well Regulated Growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that promote cells to enter and complete cell division. |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal 23 pairs of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| normal cells growing in wrong place or at the wrong time |
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Term
| Benign Tumor Characteristics |
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Definition
| Continuous or Inappropriate Cell Growth, Specific morphology, tight adherence, No migration, Orderly growth, Normal chromosomes (23 pair) |
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Term
| Cancer Cell Characteristics |
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Definition
| Rapid or continuous cell division, Anaplasia, A large nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, Specific functions are lost, Loose adherence, Migration, Contact inhibition does not occur, Abnormal chromosomes (aneuploidy) |
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Term
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Definition
Carcinogenesis
Oncogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| process of changing a normal cell into cancer cell |
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Term
| Steps of Malignant Transformation |
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Definition
Initiation - oncogenes turne on excessively (overexpressed)
Promotion - develop its own blood supply
Progression - continued change of cancer
Metastasis |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that change the activity of a cells gene so it becomes cancerous. Can be chemical, physical agents or viruses |
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Term
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Definition
substances that promote/enhance growth of the initiated cancer cell
Insulin and Estrogen Promote Cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| time between cells initiation and the development of an overt tumor |
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Term
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Definition
| About 1 cm and has at least a billion cells in it. |
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Term
| A tumor grows & survives by |
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Definition
| making its own blood supply, by makes tumor angiogenesis factor (TAF) that triggers capillaries & other bv in area to grow new branches |
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Term
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Definition
| original tumor usually identified by tissue came from |
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Term
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Definition
| when cancer cells move from the primary location by breaking off from the original group & establishing remote colonies. Additional tumors called metastatic or secondary tumors |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Cartilage (Tumor & Cancer) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Hemangloma/Hemangiosarcoma |
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Term
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Definition
| Hepatoma/Hepatocarcinoma or Hepatoblastoma |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Lymphoid tissue
Malignant Lymphomas |
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Definition
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma
Burkitts Lymphoma
Cutaneous T-Cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Meningioma
Malignant Meningioma or Meningiblastoma |
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Term
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Definition
Neuroma or Neurofibroma (benign)
Neurosarcoma or Neuroblastoma |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Rhabdomyoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma |
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Term
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Definition
| Hemangloma/Hemangiosarcoma |
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Term
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Definition
| Hepatoma/Hepatocarcinoma or Hepatoblastoma |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Lymphoid tissue
Malignant Lymphomas |
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Definition
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma
Burkitts Lymphoma
Cutaneous T-Cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Meningioma
Malignant Meningioma or Meningiblastoma |
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Term
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Definition
Neuroma or Neurofibroma (benign)
Neurosarcoma or Neuroblastoma |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Rhabdomyoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma |
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Term
| Epithelial layer of skin, mucous membranes and organ linings |
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Definition
Papilloma
Squamous cell carcinoma of skin, bladder, lungs and cervix |
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Term
| Common sites of Metastasis of Breast Cancer |
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Definition
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Term
| Common sites of Metastasis of Lung Cancer |
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Definition
| Brain, bone, liver, lymph nodes, pancreas |
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Term
| Common Sites of Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer |
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Definition
| Liver, Lymph Nodes, Adjacent Structures |
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Term
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Definition
cellular aspects
how it looks |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
clinical aspects of cancer. What it is doing
Determines the exact location of the cancer & its degree of metastasis at diagnosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Grade cannot be determined |
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Term
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Definition
well differentiated and closely resemble normal cells
low grade of malignant change
malignant but slow growing |
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Term
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Definition
moderately differentiated
retain some characteristics of normal cells but more malignant than G2 |
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Term
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Definition
| poorly differentiated, retain no normal cell characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
poorly differentiated, no normal cell characteristics
Determination of tissue of origin is difficult & perhaps impossible |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary tumor cannot be assessed |
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Term
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Definition
| No evidence of primary tumor |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increasing size and/or local extent of the primary tumor |
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Term
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Definition
| Regional Lymph Nodes cannot be assessed |
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Term
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Definition
| no regional lymph nodes metastasis |
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Term
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Definition
| increasing involvement of regional lymph nodes |
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Term
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Definition
Mx - presence of distant metastasis cannot be assessed
M0 - No distant Metastasis
M1 - Distant Metastasis |
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Term
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Definition
| gain or lose whole chromosomes & have structural abnormalities of remaining chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| determining tumor size, number, sites and spread by pathologic exam of tissues obtained at surgery |
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Term
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Definition
Tumor, Node, Metastasis. Describes anatomic extent of cancer.
American Joint Committee on Cancer developed. |
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Term
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Definition
| the amt of time to double in size |
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Term
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Definition
percentage of actively dividing cells within a tumor
1 cm tumor has to undergo about 30 doubling times to reach about a billion cells. Mitotic Index of Less than 10% is slow. 85% is fast. |
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Term
| Factors that influence cancer development |
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Definition
| exposure to carcinogens, genetic predisposition, and immune function |
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Term
| 2 physical carcinogenesis |
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Definition
| radiation and chronic irritation |
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Term
| Viruses associated with Cancers |
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Definition
Epstein Bar - Burkitts Lymphoma, B-Cell Lymphoma, Napsopharyngeal carcinoma
Hep B - liver
Hep C - liver, B Cell lymphoma
HPV - cervical, vulvar, other genital carcinomas |
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Term
| 7 warning signs of cancer |
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Definition
C - Changes in bowel or bladder habits
A - A sore that does not heal
U - Unusual Bleeding
T - Thickening or lump in breast/elsewhere
I - Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
O - Obvious change in wart or mole
N - Nagging cough or hoarseness |
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Term
| Nursing Assessments for Colorectal Cancer |
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Definition
| changes in bowel habits, blood in stool - test one stool for elder pt in hospital, encourage baseline colonoscopy, reduce fat, red meat and smoked meats, increase fiber, bran, veg & fruit |
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Term
| Nursing Assessments for Bladder Cancer |
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Definition
| pain on urination, blood in urine, cloudy urine, increase frequency or urgency |
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Term
| Nursing Assessment for Prostate Cancer |
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Definition
| Hesitancy, change in size of urine stream, pain in back or legs, hx of urinary tract infx |
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Term
| Nursing Assessment for Skin Cancer |
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Definition
| examine & changes in skin, moles, warts |
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Term
| Nursing Assessment for Leukemia |
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Definition
| Fatigue, Bruising, Bleeding tendency, hx of infection/illnesses, night sweats, unexplained fever |
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Term
| Nursing Assessment for Lung Cancer |
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Definition
| Cough, hoarseness, smoking hx, exposure to inhalation irritants, SOB, Activity intolerance, frothy/bloody sputum, pain in arms/chest, difficulty swallowing |
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Term
| What drugs reduce risk of colon cancer |
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Definition
| aspirin & celecoxib (Celebrex) |
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Term
| What reduces the risk for Breast Cancer |
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Definition
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Term
| What reduces the risk of prostate cancer |
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Definition
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Term
| A vaccination that is a primary cancer prevention is |
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Definition
| Gardasil prevents the HPV virus |
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Term
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Definition
| Extreme body wasting & malnutrition |
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Term
| General disease related consequences of cancer are |
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Definition
| reduced immunity & blood producing functions, altered GI structures & function, motor sensory deficits, decreased respiratory function |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of at risk tissue to prevent cancer development |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of radiation delivered to tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| amount absorbed by tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| distant treatment, radiation source is external to the patient, ***patient is not radioactive and is not a hazard to others |
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Term
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Definition
| short or close therapy. the radiation source comes into direct, continuous contact with the tumor tissues for a specific period of time. **The source is within the patient emits radiation for a period of time and is a hazard to others |
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Term
| When radioactive isotopes are given as Brachytherapy, what is the precaution |
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Definition
| body wastes, and should not be directly touched by other people. Once the isotope is eliminated, neither the pt nor wastes are radioactive, most isotopes are eliminated within 48 hrs |
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Term
| Solid or sealed radiation sources are |
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Definition
| implanted within or near tumor, can be temp or permanent, the patient emits radiation while in place but excreta are not radioactive ***does not impose a hazard |
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Term
| Side effects to radiation |
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Definition
| skin changes, local hair loss (likely permanent), altered taste sensation, (some report aversion to red meat), fatigue (debilitating /can last for wks to months), tissue fibrosis & scarring |
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Term
| Women who receive HDR therapy for uterine cancer may develop radiation induced changes in |
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Definition
| colon years later resulting in constipation & obstruction |
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Term
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Definition
becomes dry & may break down - THIS IS PRIORITY NURSING INTERVENTION
No lotions/ointments unless Rx
no direct skin exposure to sun during treatment & for 1 year |
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Term
| Skin Education for Radiation Tx |
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Definition
| wash area gently daily w/water/mild soap, use hand no clothe, rinse thoroughly, DONT REMOVE INK MARKINGS, dry by patting, no powders/ointments/lotions or creams unless Rx, wear soft clothing, avoid restrictive clothing/belts/buckles/straps/bindings, avoid sun, protect with clothing BUT NOT SUNSCREEN, outdoors early in mornings & late evenings, stay in shade, avoid heat exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment with chemicals. has some selectivity for killing cancer over normal cells. it is most effective with rapid growth cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemo used along with surgery or radiation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Normal Cells most affected by chemo are |
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Definition
| those that divide rapidly skin, hair, nails, intestinal tissues, spermatocytes, and bloodforming cells |
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Term
| Nursing Care for Patients with Sealed Implants or Radioactive Sources - |
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Definition
| private room/bath, "Caution: Radioactive Material" on door, portable lead shields (if used) placed between pt and door, door to room closed, dosimeter film badge at all times, lead apron when providing care keeping front of apron facing source, no pregnant nurses/visitors, limit each visitor to 1/2 hour per day & they stay 6 ft from pt, no one under 16, never touch source with bare hands, if dislodged pick up with forceps and put in lead container that is in room, save all dressing & linens until after source is removed and then dispose of normally |
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Term
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Definition
| closely resemble metabolites impairs cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| damages cells DNA & interrupt DNA/RNA synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| interfere with formation of microtubules so can't complete mitosis during division |
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Term
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Definition
| cross link DNA making the 2 DNA strands bind closely prevents proper DNA/RNA synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| disruptics an enzyme that is needed to copy DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| time when bone marrow activity & abc counts are at their lowest levels after chemo |
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Term
| A major complication of IV infusion |
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Definition
| extravasation - movement of the IV needle so the drug leaks into surrounding tissues a/k/a infiltration |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals that damager tissue on direct contact |
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Term
| Most important nursing intervention for infiltration |
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Definition
| PREVENTION. (small 0.5ml resolve without treatment). if larger surgical intervention may be needed. CLOSE MONITORING, Antidotes or chemoprotective agents may be injected to the site |
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Term
| Nursing Interventions for Infiltration |
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Definition
| document date/time when identified/suspected, when infusion was started, exact contents of infusion fluid & volume of fluid infused, diagram the exact insertion site & indicate if venous access device/implanted port/tunneled cath, method of adminstration, needle type/size, indicate on diagram location & # needle attempts, record time between extravasation & last documented full blood return, ID all agents administered in last 24 hrs (listing agent administered, dosage & volume, & order of administration), take/record vitals, ask/record subjective sensations/symptoms, record observation of site (size, color, texture), photo site, document administration of neutralizing or antidote agents, document application of compresses & their temperature, doc nursing interventions, record pt's responses, document dr. notification (including time), document written/oral instructions given to pt about follow up care, document any consultation request, sign the document |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased rbc and hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased WBC leading to immunosuppression |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreased number of platelets |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| open sores on mucous membranes |
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Term
| Priority Nursing Care for Chemotherapy |
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Definition
| protecting the pt from the life threatening side effects & managing the distressing symptoms |
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Term
| Side Effects of Chemotherapy |
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Definition
| Bone Marrow Suppression, N & V, Mucositis, Alopecia, Changes in Cognitive Function, Peripheral Neuropathy |
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Term
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Definition
| Infection, extreme risk for sepsis. most infx result from overgrowth of pt's norma flora. infx risk can be managed with use of biological response modifiers (BRMs) to stimulate bone marrow production. not covered by insurance. |
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Term
| Neutropenia Nursing Interventions |
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Definition
| protect from infxs, teach how to reduce risk, total pt assessment (skin & mucous membranes, lung, mouth assess, venous access device performed q8hrs by RN, aseptic technique, private room, clean rooms once a day, no use of public supplies, limit health care entering, vitals q4hrs, inspect mouth q8hrs & skin mucous membranes, IV & open areas inspect q4hrs, change wound dressing daily, culture any suspected area, assist pt in cough/deep breathing, change IV tubing daily, keep b/p stethoscope & thermometer in room, limit visitors to healthy adults, aseptic tech on invasive procedures, monitor WBC daily (especially ANC absolute neutrophil count), avoid use of indwelling catheters, no plants fruits vegetables undercooked meats, etc no use of pepper/paprika as seasoning on food |
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Term
| If Neutropenia patient is tired and doesn't want personal hygiene what does nurse do |
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Definition
| certain aspects of personal hygiene cannot be deferred, stress the importance & Importance of mouth care and washing of the axillary & perianal regions q12hrs |
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Term
| Any elevation in temperature in Neutropenia pt |
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Definition
| is significant & considered sign of infection & should be reported to dr immediately usually you would order a culture immediately |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive bleeding. when platelet count is less than 50,000 mm3, Pts with fewer than 20,000 platelets/mm3 may have spontaneous & uncontrolled bleeding requiring transfusion therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (example - Aranesp, Epogen, Procrit) = increases risk for HTN, clots, strokes, & MI especially older, MONITOR HEMOGLOBIN LEVELS |
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Term
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Definition
| BRM therapy for thrombocytopenia. increases production of platelets, SE - fluid retention, increases risk for CHF & PE, conjunctival bleeding, Hypotension, tachycardia. TEACH TO WEIGH DAILY, KEEP RECORD OF WT, REPORT ANY DYSPNEA IMMEDIATELY |
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Term
| Prevention care for Thrombocytopenia |
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Definition
| gentle handling, lift sheet, avoid IM & venipunctures (when necessary use smallest gauge needle & apply firm pressure to stick area for 10 minutes - or til no longer oozing blood), apply ice to trauma areas, test all urine & stool for blood, observe IV site q4hrs, no enemas, no rectal temps, if suppositories Rx lubricate liberally, measure abdominal girth daily, no razors, soft bristol toothbrush no floss, no water pressure cleaners, make certain dentures fit - don't rub, no blow nose, instruct UAP & pt to wear firm soles when ambulating, keep pathways clear |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
chemo drug
induces vomiting 5 to 7 days later |
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Term
|
Definition
| examine mouth/under tongue/roof/between cheeks & teeth q4hrs, document location/size/character of fissures/blisters/sores/drainage, get an order to obtain specimens of sores/drainage, brush teeth/tongue with soft bristled brush or sponge q8hrs, rinse with 1/2 peroxide & 1/2 NS q12hrs, avoid alcohol or glycerin based mouthwashes, encourage 3 liters of water per day, administer antimicrobial drugs as Rx, administer topical analgesic drugs as Rx, swish and spit room temp tap water or NS as needed, apply petroleum jelly to pts lips after each mouth care, assist pt using artificial saliva as needed if Rx, no tobacco/alcohol, avoid spicy/salty/acidic beverages, cool liquids, use dentures only during meals, soak dentures in microbial solution and rinse thoroughly before using, complete mouth care before/after meals, clean toothbrush daily, |
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Term
|
Definition
hair loss with chemo, hair starts to grow 1 mo after chemo,
teach to prevent injury to scalp & cope with body image, sunscreen on head or coverings, suggest purchase of wig before therapy starts |
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Term
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Definition
| term used by breast cancer its for loss of cognitive function, priority nursing intervention is to support pt |
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Term
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Definition
| PN - loss of sensory or motor function of peripheral nerves, often rapid onset, orthostatic hypotension, efrectile dysfunction, neuropathic pain, loss of taste, discrimination & severe constipation, PRIORITY NURSING CARE IS TO PREVENT INJURY TEACHING, risk for falls, |
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Term
| teaching priorities for pts with chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy |
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Definition
| protect feet/other body areas - no bare feet/stocking - always wear shoes long enough & wide to prevent sores/blisters, long break in periods for new shoes (not longer than 2 hrs), avoid pointed toe shoes/high heels, inspect feet daily with mirror for open sores/redness, avoid extreme temps, test water with thermometer, use potholders |
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Term
|
Definition
| aromatase inhibitor prevents production of Estrogen in adrenal glands & reduces blood levels of estrogens |
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|
Term
| Side effects of Adrogens & the antiestrogen receptor drugs |
|
Definition
| masculinizing effects in women, fluid retention, acne, hypercalcemia, liver dysfunction |
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Term
|
Definition
| Women - irregular/heavy period, fluid retention, breast tenderness, INCREASED RISK FOR THROMBOSIS for men & women |
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Term
| Photodynamic Therapy Education |
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Definition
| bring protective clothing & UV sunglasses when you come to be injected, have someone else drive while Pt places light sheet over them, no light for 1 to 3 mo, cover all windows, replace high watt bulbs, effects last from 1 to 3 mo, drink plenty of water, no new Rx/OTC drugs, re-exposure 1 inch at at time with 10 minutes & increase time by 5 minutes, sunscreen will no prevent severe sunburn during this time, notify photodynamic therapy healthcare team if pain/blistering, continue dark glasses until no pain, see ophthalmologist with no longer sensitive to check retina damage TEACH PT BEFORE THEY COME FOR INJECTION!!! |
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Term
| BRMs (Biological Response Modifiers) |
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Definition
| modify pts responses to tumor cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| BRMs made by macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils & monocytes are monotones; produced by lymphocyte, make the immune system stronger |
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Term
| How do BRMs & Cytokines work as cancer treatment |
|
Definition
| by stimulating the immune system to recognize cancer cells & take action to eliminate them. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Interleukins & Interferons |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| help regulate inflammation & immune protection |
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Term
|
Definition
| cell produced proteins that can protect noninfected cells from viral infections & replication slows tumor cell division, stimuate the growth & activation of NK cells, help cancer cell resume a more normal appearance & function, inhibit the expression of oncogenes. Effective in melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, renal cell carcinoma, ovarian cancer & cutaneous T cell lymphoma |
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammatory Reactions, fluid shifts & capillary leak with edema, patients receiving high doses should be in ICU, effects resolve when complete treatment, fever chills rigor DEMEROL IS TREATMENT FOR SEVERE RIGORs - severe shaking chills, |
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Term
|
Definition
| peripheral neuropathy - decreased sensory perception, visual disturbances, decreased hearing, unsteady balance & gait & OH, skin rashes, dryness, itching peeling |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Side Effects of Targeted Therapy |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
organism enters bloodstream can result in septic shock
SE - DIC - disseminated IV coagulation - most often in leukemia & adenocarcinomas of lung, pancreas, stomach & prostate - extensive small bloodvessel clotting of factors & platelets - PREVENTION IS BEST PLAN OF CARE - practice aseptic technique, teach early S & S, IV antibiotics, anticoagulants (heparin) & cryoprecipitated clotting factors when DIC has progressed & hemorrhage is primary problem |
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Term
| SIADH - Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone |
|
Definition
side effect of cancer usually in lung/brain cancers. Tumors secrete ADH (or be a side effect of morphine sulfate, cyclophosphamide), water is reabsorbed to excess by kidney put in circulation, SE - hyponatremia - low sodium levels (115 to 120 - normal is 135 to 145) weight gain, nervous system changes, personality changes, confusion, extreme muscle weakness
TREATMENT - managing & treat cause, restore normal fluid balance, provide supportive care, restrict fluids to 1 Lday increase sodium intake, and drug therapy - demeclocycline - antibiotic works in opposition of ADH, prevent fluid fluid overload that would result in PE & heart failure, monitor for increased fluid overload q2hrs |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Indicators of Increased fluid overload |
|
Definition
| increase pulse quality, increased neck vein distention, crackles in lungs, peripheral edema, reduced urine output |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Assess neuro changes - S & S are back pain, muscle weakness, sensation of heaviness in arms/legs, numbness/tingling in hands or feet, loss of hot/cold sensation, unsteady gait, constipation, incontenience, difficulty start/stop urine. TEACH manifestation, seek help, MRI usually ordered, treatment often palliative, high dose corticosteroids to reduce swelling & relieve symptoms, high dose radiation may be given to reduce tumor |
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Term
|
Definition
occurs mostly with bone metastasis
S & S early - fatigue, loss of appetite, N & V, constipation, polyuria. Other S & S - severe muscle weakness, loss of DTR, paralytic ileus, dehydration, ECG changes. TREATMENT - oral hydration of NS, drugs oral glucocorticoids, calcitonin, diphosphonate, gallium nitrate & mithramycin lower serum calcium. Also dia;usos |
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Term
| Superior Vena Cava Syndrome |
|
Definition
| SVC is compressed or obstructed by rumor. (lymphomas & lung cancer). blocks venous flow to head, neck & upper trunk, edema in face (especially around eyes), tighteness of shirt collar (STOKE'S SIGN), S & S gets worse - edema in hads & arms, dyspnea, erythema of upper body & epistaxis. Late manifestations are hemorrhage, cyanosis, mental status changes from lack of blood to brain, decreased cardiac output, hypoTN. Treatment - high dose radiation to mediastinal area for temp relief, stent in VC, angioplasty |
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Term
|
Definition
| large # of tumors destroyed rapidly. (TLS IS a positive sign that cancer treatment is effective). can cause severe tissue damage/death. Increased Potassium causes cardiac dysfunction, large amts of purines cause hyperuricemia, sludge in kidneys -blocking causes renal failure (most often seen in leukemias, lymphomas, small cell lung, multiple myeloma. TREATMENT - Hydration, drink 3 to 5 L of water a day on day before, of, and for 3 days after treatment, some fluids should be alkaline (sodium bicarbonate) to prevent uric acid precipitation, keep fluid consistant throughout 24 hours a day, draw up a schedule for fluid intake, antiemetic regimen for N&V, give drugs that reduce the excretion of purines, |
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|
Term
| Drugs that increase the excretion of purines |
|
Definition
| allopurinol (Aloprim, Zyloprim) or rasburicase (Elitek) |
|
|
Term
| sodium polystyrene sulfonate can be given orally or as a retention enema to |
|
Definition
| reduce serum potassium levels for mild to moderate hyperkalemia |
|
|
Term
| Severe Hyperkalemia should be treated by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Severe Hyperkalemia & Hyperuricemia can be treated by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Como chemo N&V drug given before therapy |
|
Definition
| ondansetron (Zofran) - blocks 5-HT3 receptors in brain (chemotrigger zone) & in intestines, prevents serotonin from binding to receptors & activating N & V center |
|
|
Term
| Acute & Delayed N & V for Chemo |
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Definition
| ondansetron (Zofran), aprepitant (Emend) and dexamethasone (Decadron) = blocks substand P neurokinin receptor. serotonin antagonist & corticosteroid |
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Term
| If receiving chemo taking anti nausea what meds are impacted |
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Definition
| warfarin (Coumadin) needs INRs checked (needs to be increased) before and after the 3 days of therapy. Use additional forms of birth control |
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Term
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Definition
| life threatening sepsis & septic shock, immunosuppressed, first nursing intervention should be to do blood & urine cultures |
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Term
| Neumega (oprelvekin) risk |
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Definition
| pulmonary edema (assess respiratory rate), breath sounds and oxygen saturation and then notify dr., it is used to treat thrombocytopenia - low platelet count |
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Term
| Administration of chemotherapy by the nurse requires |
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Definition
| double gloves (required by OSHA) & Oncology Nursing Society |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| A cancer pt oncologic emergency |
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Definition
| low WBC - risk for sepsis, nonintact skin of the neutropenic client, tumor lysis syndrome - can cause K+ to increase & large amts of purines in the liver converted to uric acid in blood leading to acute renal failure |
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Term
| Oncologic Emergency that requires client to call dr immediately |
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Definition
| edema in arms & hands - indicates compression of SVC - Superior Vena Cava Syndrome |
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Term
| Pain in back of legs indicator of what cancer |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Single most important risk factor for Cancer is |
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Definition
| Advancing Age, resulting in immune protection decreasing |
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Term
| What allows oncogenes to be overexpressed |
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Definition
| initiation by carcinogens damages the DNA of a cell. Oncogenes are overexpressed when initiated |
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Term
| Insulin & Estrogen enghance the division of an initated cell during the |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when the blood supply changes from diffusion to TAF |
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Term
| Lung cancer tends to metastasis to |
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Definition
| brain, lymph nodes, liver, bone |
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Term
| Altered oncogenes are passed on |
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Definition
| from one generation to another which increases the risk of cancer development. |
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Term
| Patient education is the responsibility of |
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Definition
| the nurse (via all state nurse practice acts) |
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Term
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Definition
| purposeful acquisition of a new knowledge, attitude, behavior or skill |
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Term
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Definition
| describes what the patient will be able to do after successful instruction |
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Term
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Definition
| idea that initiates reason for communication |
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Term
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Definition
| person conveys message to another |
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Term
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Definition
| Knowledge, values, emotions & sociocultural influences that affect sender's thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
| what the patient actually knows and understands. Including intellectual behaviors. Includes: Acquisition of knowledge; comprehension; application; analysis; synthesis; evaluation |
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Term
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Definition
| includes pt's feelings, attitudes, opinions, and values. (determined by patients education) |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when patient acquire skills that require the integration of knowledge & physical skills |
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Term
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Definition
| internal impulse that causes the person to take action & addresses the person's desire to learn |
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Term
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Definition
| mental state that allows the learner to focus on and understand the material |
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Term
| Basic Learning Principles |
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Definition
| motivation to learn; ability to learn; learning environment; |
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Term
| Ability to learn depends on |
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Definition
| Developmental capability, age, physical n |
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Term
| DENIAL OR DISBELIEF (Pt's behavior, learning implications and rational) |
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Definition
| Patient avoids discussions of illness. Learning Implications - provide support, empath & careful explanation of all procedure while they are being done. Rational - patient is not prepared to deal with problem. An attempt convince or tell pt about illness will result in further anger or withdrawal. Provide only information pt pursues or absolutely requires. |
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Term
| What do you do if the pt is angry? |
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Definition
| Do not argue with patient, but listen to concerns. Patient needs opportunity to express feelings and anger. Patient is still not prepared to face future |
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Term
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Definition
| Pt offers to live better life in exchange for promise of better health. Continue to introduce only reality. Teach only in present tense. Patient is still unwilling to accept limitations |
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Term
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Definition
| Patient begins to express emotions openly, realizes that illness has created changes and begins to ask questions. Encourage expression of feelings. Begin to share information needed for future and set aside formal times for discussion |
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Term
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Definition
| Patient recognizes reality of condition, actively pursues information and strives for independence. Focus teaching on future skills & knowledge required. Continue to teach about present occurrences. Involve family in teaching information for discharge. Pt begins to perceiver need for assistance and is ready to accept responsibility for learning. Pt is more easily motivated to learn. |
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Term
| Teaching methods for Infants |
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Definition
| keep routine, hold firm while smiling & speaking softly to convey trust; have them touch different textures |
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Term
| Teaching methods for toddlers |
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Definition
| Use play to teach procedure or activity, picture books that describe children in hospital or clinic, simple words |
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Term
| Teaching methods for Preschooler |
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Definition
| use role playing, imitation & play to make it fun, encourage questions & offer explanations. use simple explanations & demos, encourage children to learn together thru pics & short stories about how to perform hygiene |
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Term
| Teaching methods for School Age Children |
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Definition
| Teach psychomotor skills needed to maintain health, offer opportunities to discuss health problems & answer questions |
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Term
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Definition
| Help learn about feelings and need for self expression, use teaching as collaborative activity; allow to make decisions about health & health promotion (safety, sex ed, substance abuse) |
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Term
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Definition
| Encourage participation in teaching plan by setting mutual goals, encourage independent learning, offer information so that adult understands effects of health problem |
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Term
| Teaching methods for Older Adult |
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Definition
| Teach when alert & rested; involve adult in discussion or activity; focus on wellness & person's strength; use approaches that enhance reception of stimuli for pts with sensory alterations; keep sessions short |
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Term
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Definition
| Assessment - Nursing Diagnosis - Planning - Implementation - Evaluation ANPIE anpie |
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Term
| In the teaching process what areas are needed to assess? |
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Definition
| Patient Expectations, motivation to learn, ability to learn, teaching environment, resources for learning, cultural considerations, health literacy |
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Term
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Definition
| pt's reading & math skills, comprehension, ability to make health related decisions, & successful functioning as a consumer of health care |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability to read about 5th grade level |
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Term
| Nursing Diagnoses related to inability to learn |
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Definition
| Ineffective health maintenance; deficient knowledge (affective, cognitive, psychomotor); Noncompliance (with medication); Ineffective self-health management; Impaired home maintenance; Ineffective family therapeutic regimen management |
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Term
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Definition
Telling - useful when teaching limited info.
Participating - you & pt set objectives & participate together
Entrusting - provides the pt the opportunity to manage self care
Reinforcing - using a stimulus that increases the probability of a response |
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Term
| Feedback is a common form of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1 on 1 discussion; group instruction; preparatory instruction; documentation; analogies; role playing; simulation |
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Term
| Guidelines for Preparatory Instructions |
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Definition
| 1. Describe physical sensations during procedure, but don't evaluate them. 2. Describe the cause of the sensation, preventing false impressions of the experience 3. prepare pt only for aspects of the experience that have commonly been noticed by other pt. |
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Term
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Definition
| add to verbal instructions by providing familiar images that make complex information more real & understandable. Know the concept, keep it simple & clear, & be aware of patients background, experience & culture |
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Term
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Definition
| the patient completes the procedure independently to show competence |
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Term
| Effective teaching strategies for the older adult |
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Definition
| individualized info based on what pt needs to know; present slowly in frequent sessions; include family; repeat frequently; reinforce with audiovisual, written exercises & practice; emphasize their concerns & past positive coping strategies; allow time to express themselves, demonstrate learning, & ask questions; establish measurable & realistic short term goals; establish follow up sessions; base new info on pts previous level of learning |
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Term
| What do you document on patient education |
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Definition
| 1. assessment data & related nursing dx; 2. intervention planned & used; 3. Evaluation of Learning - "return demonstration of coughing" 4. ability of pt &/or family to manage care - identify need for outpatient or homecare follow up after discharge. |
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