Legionellosis

Pneumonia-Causing

B: Legionella pneumophila (-)

• Legionnaire's Disease - 1976 Philadelphia outbreak
• Pontiac Fever in mild form
• Found naturally in water, but drinking does not cause the disease. Inhaling aerosolized water can lead to infection and pneumonia.

Psittacosis

Pneumonia-Causing

B: Chlamydia psittaci (-)

• Zoonois with bird reservoir
• "Parrot fever" or ornithosis
• Acquired by humans when they inhale dried bird urine or feces

Influenza

Pneumonia-Causing

V: Orthomyxoviridae family

• Respiratory disease; may cause pneumonia
• Airborne and person-to-person transmission
• New flu strains develop via Antigenic drift (surface protein changes) and Antigenic shift (two types of virus merge to create a new strain).

Hantavirus

Pneumonia-Causing

V: Bunyaviridae family

• New strain "sin nombre" southwest USA  - 1993
• Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS): Severe, rapid-onset pneumonia and death
• Transmitted by inhaling aerosolized rat urine or feces while cleaning rural homes

SARS

Pneumonia-Causing

V: Coronaviridae family

• 2002 China, originally emerged in live animal markets
• Most cases spread nosocomially
• 2004 - 0 cases
• Person to person transmission

Coccidioidomycosis

Pneumonia-Causing

F: Coccidioides immitis

• "Valley fever"
• Deserts of the southwest USA
• Usually asymptomatic
• Can cause severe pulmonary, disseminated, or cutaneous forms of Coccidioidomycosis in rare instances

Histoplasmosis

Pneumonia-Causing

F: Histoplasma capsulatum

• Reservoir- soil, bat/bird droppings
• Acquired by inhaling spores
• Usually mild and does not require treatment

Toxoplasmosis

Pneumonia-Causing

P - sporozoa: Toxoplasma gondii

• Transmitted by contact with cat feces

Tuberculosis

Pneumonia-Causing

B: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

• latent TB (>1/3 of the world)
• 10% of people with TB will develop active TB disease
• 2 million deaths per year, most common in Africa, Asia, Former USSR
• Directly-Observed Therapy, Short-course (DOTS) 5+ pills daily for 6 months
• MultiDrug Resistant TB (MDR-TB) 4% of cases do not respond to standard treatment, treated with DOTS-Plus
• BCG (Bacillus Calmett-Guerin) 'vaccine' only works 50% of the time