Term
|
Definition
| Cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm (sarcoplasm in muscle cell) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protective barrier between interior of cell and extracellular fluid, encloses cellular contents and allows regulation of substances in and out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains genes that regulate protein synthesis which determine cellular composition and activity |
|
|
Term
| cytoplasm (sarcoplasm in muscle cell) |
|
Definition
-fluid portion of cell
-contains organelles (mitochondria) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of the relationship between genes and the cellular characteristics they determine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a substance that enters into and is altered in the course of a chemical reaction to yield a product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of reactant that requires an enzyme to catalyze the reaction to yield products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a substance produced from one or more other substances as a result of chemical change; substance found at the end of a reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
require energy to be added
aka "uphill", nonspontaneous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
release energy
aka "downhill", spontaneous
ex. breakdown of glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-liberated energy in an exergonic r(x) drives an endergonic r(x)
-all energy liberated during exergonic r(x)s is NOT captured during endergonic r(x)s: there is NOT always waste
-ex. if r(x) 2 C-->D is driven by r(x) 1 A-->B, then the absolute value of E2 < E1 |
|
|
Term
| first law of thermodynamics |
|
Definition
| energy can neither be created nor destroyed; however the forms of energy can be exchanged |
|
|
Term
| second law of thermodynamics |
|
Definition
| the processes of energy exchange always go in a direction of a disordered form of energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| E' IN (food) = E' OUT (work) + E' OUT (heat) + E' stored (fat) |
|
|
Term
| properties of enzymes (catalysts) |
|
Definition
-large 3D protein structures
-increase RATES of energetically favorable r(x)s
-do not change the direction of reactions
-do not change ratio of products and reactants |
|
|
Term
| the activity of enzymes is affected by: |
|
Definition
1.) temperature: small rise in temperature INC activity
2.) pH: change in pH from an optimum level affects activity |
|
|
Term
| effect of temperature and pH on enzyme activity |
|
Definition
- activity = rate at which substrate converted to product
-small rise in temp INC activity of enzymes -pH survival range of arterial blood is 7.0-7.8, with 7.4 considered normal
-as pH drops (INC acidity) from 7.8, enzyme activity first INC then DEC
-optimal activity of most enzymes occur within range of temp and pH encountered during exercise
[image]
[image] |
|
|
Term
| types of mechanics of interaction for enzyme and substrate |
|
Definition
-lock-and-key mechanism: substrate fits directly into binding site of enzyme
-induced fit: substrate induces a conformational change in the enzyme that allows the substrate to be properly positioned for catalysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lower activation energy of a r(x) |
|
|
Term
| oxidation-reduction r(x)s |
|
Definition
reduction: acceptance of e- to a molecule
oxidation: loss of e- to a molecule
re-dox r(x)s are always coupled |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the molecule that can accept electrons in the oxidized state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the molecule that can lose electrons in the reduced state |
|
|
Term
| transfer of hydrogen atoms rather than free electrons |
|
Definition
| H atom also contains 1 e-, so when a molecule loses a H it also loses an e- |
|
|
Term
| types of fuels for exercise (3) |
|
Definition
-carbohydrates: glucose (stored as glycogen)
-fats: fatty acids (stored as triglycerides)
-proteins: not a primary energy source during exercise |
|
|
Term
| energy value of nutrients: fat |
|
Definition
9.4 kcal (BC)
9 kcal (atwater) |
|
|
Term
| energy value of nutrients: CHO |
|
Definition
4.2 kcal (BC)
4 kcal (atwater) |
|
|
Term
| energy value of nutrients: protein |
|
Definition
5.65 kcal (BC)
4 kcal (atwater) |
|
|
Term
| definition of bioenergetics |
|
Definition
| the study of the flow of energy through living systems; involves the study of processes that make energy available within cells in the form of ATP |
|
|
Term
| components of bioenergetics (3) |
|
Definition
-formation of ATP (phosphocreatine breakdown, glycolysis, oxidative formation of ATP)
-anaerobic pathways (do not involve O2, CP breakdown and glycolysis)
-aerobic pathways (require O2, oxidative phosphorylation) |
|
|
Term
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
|
Definition
-universal energy donor
-endergonic (energy released from breakdown of food substrate is used to create ATP)
-exergonic (energy is released from breakdown of ATP formed in endergonic reactions)
-consists of adenine, ribose, and 3 linked phosphates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ATP --> ADP +Pi + energy via ATPase |
|
|
Term
| ATP breakdown/resynthesis |
|
Definition
| ATP <--> ADP + Pi + energy |
|
|
Term
ATP <--> ADP + Pi + energy
energy = other pathways |
|
Definition
-it's impossible to store enough ATP to meet energetic demands
-ATP is constantly broken down and resynthesized via 3 metabolic pathways
-pathways are EXERGONIC and provide the energy required to resynthesize ATP |
|
|
