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2/6 - 2/15
flashcards babeeee
34
Biology
Not Applicable
02/17/2008

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Cards

Term
A Statistical test tells us..
Definition
the probability due to chance alone that we could get than effect in the experiment.
Term
2 large groups of statistical tests 
Definition

1. Parametric

2. Non-parametric 

Term
Parametric tests require 2 important assumptions
Definition

1. The data must be normally distributed 

2. The data must have homogeneity of variance between groups

Want to use because has higher power 

Term
Power of a Statistical Test
Definition
ability to show 2 means are different even when they are relatively the same.
Term
Probability we look up for chi squared 
Definition
Probability we could get a deviation between the expected and observed results as large or larger than we got in this experiment by chance alone.
Term
Cutoff Probability in science
Definition

.05, bra.

-if probablility is less than .05, we have a statistically significant result. 

Term
Probability tradeoff between two types of error:
Definition

1. The error of accepting a result as representing reality when it does not.

2. The error of deciding that a result does not represent reality when it does (dont mind as much- prevent the journals from having too many false results) 

Term
Probability when testing the safety of drugs
Definition
.01 or .001
Term
Genome
Definition
All of the genetic info in a lifeform or group of lifeforms
Term
genomics
Definition

Study of a genome including

1.Content of Genetic information

ex. nucleotide sequence of a particular region of allele or DNA

2. Physical Structure of genetic information

ex. location of a locus on a chromosome

3. Function of genetic information

ex. role of locus in biology of lifeform 

Term
Linkage
Definition

Two or more loci are linked if they are on the same chromosomes

 1. linkage reduces the variability of the gametes (Demonstrate)

2. Amount of Linkage under evolutionary control

species has: 2 chromos- stable habitat

100's of chromos(fern) - variable habitat 

Term
Meiotic Recombination
Definition

Any meiotic process that generates a haploid product with a genotype that differs from both haploid genotypes that constituted the meiotic diploid cell.

 

Caused by: 1.independent assortment

(demonstrate w/ sperm...hehe) 

2. Crossing over 

Term
Crossing over 
Definition

The actual exchange of homologous or nearly homologous pieces of DNA between two chromosomes. Enzymes break down dna and rejoin it.

Show crossing over increases variability of gametes. 

Term
When loci not linked we expect 50% recombinance, if we get 50% or more...expect:
Definition

1.Loci not on same chromosome

2. They are so far apart we get 50% recombination 

Term
Coupling
Definition

Dominance is on one, recessive on the other

v+;c+

v;c

Repulsion

v+;c

v;c+ 

(coupling old term before linkage) 

Term
Who Discovered crossing over?
Definition
Thomas Hunt Morgan, in 1920
Term
linkage is a falsification of mendel's law
Definition
renember?
Term
Chiasma
Definition
During meiosis, we can observe a chiasma microscopically.  Chiasma is x-shaped structure formed when enzymes break DNA and rejoin them in a cross over.
Term
Frequency 
Definition
The count of the number of things under consideration.
Term
Interference
Definition
measure of the tendency of a crossover in one region of the chromosome affecting the probability of a crossover in another region
Term
2 models of promotion/inhibition of crossing over(interfernce)
Definition

1.Promote - once we've assembled all of the enzymes to break and rejoin DNA in one area, it might be easy to make a nearby crossover

 

2. Inhibit - Physicality of DNA prevents bending necessary for a crossover 

Term
Interference(I)=
Definition

1- C.O.C.

(coefficient of coincidence) 

Term
Coefficient of coincidence (C.O.C)
Definition

observed frequency of double mutants/ their expected frequency

 

(can find with map distance) 

Term
Tetrad
Definition

Represents the products of a single meiosis that remain together

ex. yeasts, algea, basidospores (Basidiomycetes), and ascosproes in ascus (ascomycota)

Term
Division including mushrooms, toadstools and poors
Definition
Basidiomycetes
Term
Group including Yeast and Fungi, where are spores?
Definition

Ascomycota – form tetrads (octads).  Sometimes after meiosis produces four haploid spores, you get an extra mitosis that will duplicate the spores and give you 8 spores.  This is called the sac fungi.  The octad is held in a sac called the ascus.  Instead of the mushroom shape, you get a cup shape.
Yeast → ascomycota.  Closely related to plants and animals.  Yeast haploid spores after meiosis are held in an ascus.
 

Term
Hypha or Hyphae(plural)
Definition
Basidiomycete fungus. All hyphae together are Thallus, on of the largest organisms on the planet.When two different mating types come together, they will fuse.  Heterokaryon.  Nuclei do not fuse, but you get the genetic aspects of both types.  Mushrooms consist of dikaryon tissue.
Term
What tetrads allow us to do:
Definition

1. Study the result of an individual meiosis.

2.If linear(orderded), we can map loci w/ respect to centromere or eachother.

3. If non-linear/unordered, we can map loci w/ respect to eachother. 

Term
Haploids are convenient to work with due to:
Definition

1. Small size

2. Dominance does not hid recessive alleles.

(Examination of individual meioses in ordered asci also allows the mapping of loci w/ respect to the centromere) 

Term
 How are linear or ordered tetrads made?
Definition
Linear tetrads are produced as a result of the spindle arrangement for each of their divisions.  The spindles of the first and second meiotic divisions, and of the postmeiotic mitosis in the case of an octad, are positioned end to end in the ascus
Term
Draw MI
Definition
Picture on ppt or 2/15 notes
Term
Draw MII
Definition
Pic in PPt or notes
Term
Every time there is a crossover
Definition
half are recombinant
Term
Why can't you map locus if more than 33 map units?
Definition

Essay: There is a Breakdown. The MII proportion reaches a theoretical maximum at 67%. Therefore, the distance between the loci and the centromere has a theoretical maximum of 33 mu.

1.Assume alleles are infinitely far apart

(Draw shit-ton of crossovers)

2. B/c of infinite distance, there are an inifinite # of meaningful crossovers.

3. New loci assort independently of the centromeres. (ascus test tube, drop in one allele at random)

(1/3 must drop to get 2 blocks of 2- MI meiosis)

(prob of making MII - 2/3=67%/2=33%=33mu 

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