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2/18 internal transport B
n/a
33
Biology
Undergraduate 2
02/19/2014

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Term
what is blood and what are the 2 things it contains?
Definition
its a connective tissue
it contains a nonliving liquid matrix (plasma) and formed elements (cells)
Term
what % of blood is plasma? what % of plasma is water?
Definition
55%
90%
Term
what 6 things comprise the leftover 10% of plasma?
Definition
1. inorganic ions - minerals as a whole
2. plasma proteins (albumins - tonicity, globulins - immune response, fibrinogen - clotting)
3. nutrients from the SI (monomers)
4. waste products
5. hormones
6. disolved gases (O2, CO2, N2) in vertebrates only
Term
what is a Erythrocyte? what does it do/hold?
Definition
red blood cell
contains hemoglobin that carries tons of O2
Term
what is the shape of Erythrocytes in mammals vs other animals? why?
Definition
shaped like a donut - are anucleated (lose nucleus over time) and don't have ribosomes
just happened to evolve this way, evolution isn't necessarily a perfecting mechanism
Term
what are Leukocytes? what do they do and how do they move into tissue where blood does not flow?
Definition
white blood cells
garbage collectors of the cell world - engulf dead cells bacteria and viruses - called phagocytosis
they move by pseudopodia
Term
what are the 5 types of white blood cells? which is the most common?
Definition
basophil
neutrophil - most common
Eosinophil
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Term
what is the historical significance of white blood cells?
Definition
meishler studied pus in bandages and found substance that looked like a protein but had a phosphate group - called it nuclein
Term
what is a thrombocyte/platelet and when is which name used? why are they considered true cells?
Definition
functions to aide in clotting
only called platelets in humans, thrombocytes in everything else
considered true cells because they once had all of their cell parts
Term
what do all 3 blood cell types come from?
Definition
cell called HSC - Hepatopoietic Stem Cells
Term
what can Hepatopoietic Stem Cells (HSC) grow to become? how is that related to one of the cell types?
Definition
Megakaryocyte
when it gets too big, it fragments into platelets
Term
what is the full cycle of vertebrate blood vessels?
Definition
artery to arteriole to capillaries to venuole to vein
Term
what is the definition of an artery? vein?
Definition
artery carries blood away from the heart
vein carries blood to the heart
Term
why are arteries so thick, muscular and elastic?
Definition
to deal with all of the pressure from the heart
Term
what does the muscle of the arteries allow for?
Definition
vasoconstriction and vasodilation
this allows the arteries to control where the blood is directed most heavily
Term
why don't penguins' feet stick to the ice when they get out of the water?
Definition
their feet are very vasoconstrictor, so they are cold
Term
how are capillaries thin/moist/large?
Definition
thin - only 1 cell layer thick (endothelium) covered by a basement membrane
moist - invagination (bathed in blood)
large - very abundant
Term
what are the tiny holes in the capillary called? what goes out? what stays in? what comes back in?
Definition
Fenestrae
shoots out gases, ions, nutrients and hormones
comes back in CO2, waste
Term
how does all of the "stuff" shot out through the fenestrae come back into the capillaries?
Definition
negative pressure, and the capillaries are then hypertonic to the fluid (hypertonic because full of the protein albumin)
Term
what defines a vein?
Definition
carries blood back to the heart
Term
why don't veins have to be as thick walled?
Definition
there is less pressure
Term
where are valves located and what is their purpose?
Definition
in veins
they keep blood from having back flow due to negative pressure
Term
what compounds are carried where in blood?
Definition
most are carried in plasma, except gases which are carried in red blood cells (O2 is hemoglobin)
Term
why does O2 have to be carried by hemoglobin?
Definition
the solubility is too low - not enough O2 would be carried if only transported by plasma through simple diffusion
Term
what kind of protein is hemoglobin?
Definition
quaternary structural
Term
how many O2 molecules can every HB protein hold? why?
Definition
4
each chain encloses a heme group that contains Fe and combine with an O2 molecule
Term
what are the 2 O2 formulas for GE?
Definition
Hb + O2 --> HbO2
HbO2 --> Hb + O2
Term
where is the most CO2 carried?
Definition
cytoplasm of RBC
Term
what are the 2 CO2 formulas for GE?
Definition
H2O + CO2 --> H2CO3 --> H+ + HCO3
HCO3 + H+ --> H2CO3 --> H2o + CO2
Term
how many chambers are there in singular circulation?
what kind of blood is in the heart of a single circulatory system?
Definition
2 (ventril and atrium)
deoxygenated
Term
what are the 2 circulations and where do they occur?
Definition
gill circulation is the countercurrent exchange
systemic circulation is through the body
Term
when do the vessels become veins in the single circulatory system?
Definition
after GE happens in the systemic capillaries
Term
what enzyme aides in the conversion of carbonic acid to HCO3 and H+? what does this process resemble?
Definition
carbonic anhydrase
resembles the cation exchange
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