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1st Semester Final
Study for Final
42
Biology
11th Grade
01/29/2007

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Cards

Term
What is the difference between a covalent bond and an ionic bond?
Definition
Covalent bond- 2 atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

Ionic bond- 2 oppositely charged ions
Term
What is an ISOTOPE?
Definition
A form of an element that has a different number of neutrons than the others of that element
Term
Is a molecule covalent or ionic?
Definition
Covalent
Term
What is EXERGONIC?

What is ENDERGONIC?
Definition
Exergonic- release of free energy

Endergonic-absorption of free energy
Term
What is an ENZYME?
Definition
An enzyme is a catalyst in a living thing
Term
What is OXIDATION?

What is REDUCTION?
Definition
Oxidation- becomes more positive in charge

Reduction- becomes more negative in charge
Term
What are REDOX reactions?
Definition
Reactions in which electrons are transferred between atoms.
Term
What is the hydronium ion?
Definition
H30+. Formed by [H+ + H20 <=> H30+]
Term
What is the HYDROXIDE ION?
Definition
OH- Acids most commonly have this ion (ex. hydrochloride). Also water.
Term
What is an ACID?

What is a BASE?
Definition
Acid= # of Hydronium>Hydroxide Ions

Base= # of Hydroxide>Hydronium Ions
Term
What is a BUFFER?
Definition
Buffers neutralize an acid or base added to a solution.
Term
What is HYDROGEN BONDING?
Definition
The bond that holds to water molecules together.
Term
What is COHESION?

What is ADHESION?
Definition
Cohesion is attraction between like particles.

Adhesion is attraction between unlike particles.
Term
What is CAPILLARITY?
Definition
The reaction of a liquid suface with a solid.

(ex. water creeping up a narrow vessel)
Term
What are FUNCTIONAL GROUPS?
Definition
Clusters of atoms which influence the properties of the molecules they compose.
Term
What are MONOMERS?

POLYMERS?

ISOMERS?
Definition
Monomers= simpler molecules of carbon compounds

Polymers= repeated linked units

Isomers= single formula, different forms
Term
Lipids?
Definition
Large, nonpolar molecules that don't dissolve in water. Large # of carbon-hydrogen bonds which means MORE ENERGY.
Term
Triglyceride?

Phospholipids?
Definition
Triglyceride= 3 molecules of fatty acid to 1 molecule of alcohol glycerole

Phospholipids= 2 fatty acid to 1 glycerole
Term
What is HYDROPHILIC?

HYDROPHOBIC?
Definition
Hydrophilic= carboxyl end of fatty acid. "Water Loving".

Hydrophobic= hydrocarbon end. "Water Fearing".
Term
What is ATP?
Definition
(Adenosine Triphosphate) Energy compound for cells.
Term
DISACCHARIDE?
Definition
Two monosaccharides combine in condensation reaction to form this.
Term
What is CONDENSATION REACTION?

HYDROLOSIS?
Definition
Condensation reaction is molecules combining.

Hydrolosis is breaking down of compounds.
Term
What is CELL THEORY?
Definition
Cell theory:

-All living things have 1 or more cells
-Cells are the basic unit in an organism
-Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells
Term
PROKARYOTE vs. EUKARYOTE?
Definition
Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack a membrane bound nucleus.

Eukaryotes are orgaisms whose cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus.
Term
CELL MEMBRANE
Definition
wall of cell which lets things in and out of cell.

SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE
Term
Mitochondrion?
Definition
transfers energy from organic compounds to ATP
Term
Ribosome?
Definition
synthesis of proteins
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
prepares protein for export
Term
Golgi apparatus?
Definition
processes cell productions
Term
Lysosome?
Definition
Digests
Term
Vacuole (plants only)
Definition
stores enzymes
Term
Plastid (plants only)
Definition
stores food/pigments
Term
Diffusion?
Definition
molecules spreading out
Term
concentration gradient
Definition
the difference in concentration of molecules across a space
Term
equilibrium
Definition
concentration of substance throughout space is equal.
Term
Osmosis?
Definition
water molecules diffuse across cell membrane
Term
Hypotonic?
Definition
Concentration inside > Concetration outside
Term
Hypertonic?
Definition
Concentration outside>inside
Term
Isotonic?
Definition
Concentration Equal both inside and out
Term
Turgor pressure?
Definition
The pressure water molecules exert against the cell wall
Term
Plasmolysis?
Definition
Cells shrink away from cell walls, and turgor pressure is lost
Term
Active transport?
Definition
Moves molecules across cell membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.
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