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1st Quarter EQT
Mobile County 1st Quarter Biology EQT Study Guide 2009
163
Biology
9th Grade
10/07/2009

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Term
What is the magnification of a light microscope that has an objective lens of 10x and an ocular lens of 20x?
Definition
200x
Term
What is an instrument that allows light to pass through the specimen and uses two lenses to form an image called?
Definition
Compound light microscope
Term
What type of glassware would be used when cultivating bacteria?
Definition
Petri dish
Term
What do you place over a microscope slide to protect the microscope lens?
Definition
Cover slip
Term
What is another name for an eyepiece on a microscope?
Definition
Ocular lens
Term
What is the best instrument to use to seperate the liquid portion from the solid portions in whole blood?
Definition
centrifuge
Term
Which is the most appropriate piece of equipment to use when measuring the mass of a leaf?
Definition
triple beam balance
Term
Which is the most appropriate piece of equipment to use when measuring 40 ml of water?
Definition
Graduated cylinder
Term
Which microscope might a scientist use to observe a virus?
Definition
electron microscope
Term
What is the greatest magnification that a compound light microscope currently can have?
Definition
2000x
Term
On the celsius temperature scale, how many degrees are between the freezing and boiling points of water?
Definition
100
Term
A scientist noticed that the number of salamanders in ponds in the Rocky Mountains was declining. This is an example of which step of the scientific method?
Definition
Observation
Term
A controlled experiment is set up in duplicate. A single factor is changed in one setup but no change is made in the other setup. What is the factor that was changed?
Definition
Variable
Term
How many centimeters are in 2.4 kilometers?
Definition
240,000
(King Henry Died by Drinking Chocolate Milk)
Term
How does the word Theory, used in a scientific sense, mean?
Definition
That of which the scientist is most certain.
Term
What is the biologist's idea that the population numbers are influenced by coloration called?
Definition
Hypothesis
Term
What is the basic unit of mass in SI?
Definition
Kilogram
Term
How many kilograms are in 84 hectograms?
Definition
8.4
Term
Be able to interpret information given in a chart.
Definition
Page 23
Term
What is the basic unit of length in SI?
Definition
Meter
Term
What is the basic unit of volume of SI?
Definition
Liter
Term
What is the basic unit of temperature in SI used in biology?
Definition
Celsius
Term
How does active transport differ from passive transport?
Definition
Active transport requires energy
Term
Molecules that are too large to be moved through the membrane are transported into the cell through what process?
Definition
Endocytosis
Term
Be able to recognize types of cellular transport from diagrams.
Definition
Chapter 5
Term
What is the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an are of lover concentration?
Definition
Diffusion
Term
The dispersal of food coloring in a beaker is an example of what process?
Definition
Diffusion
Term
A cell will swell when place in what type of solution?
Definition
Hypotonic
Term
Osmosis is a type of what kind of transport?
Definition
Passive transport
Term
What is the diffusion of water into or out of a cell called?
Definition
Osmosis
Term
About twelve of to twenty-four hours after the previous meal, a person's blood-sugar level normally varies from 60 to 90 ml of blood though it may rise to 130 mg/ 100 ml after meals high in carbs. The fact that the blood-sugar level is maintained within a fairly narrow range despite uneven intake of sugar is due to the body's ability to carry out what process?
Definition
Homeostasis
Term
What happens to the "surface area-to-volume ration" of a cell when the volume increases faster that the surface area?
Definition
The ration decreases
Term
Given a diagram, be able to tell how water moves.
Definition
Page 99, Figure 5-1
Term
What is the process of ridding the cell of materials by discharging the materials in vesicles?
Definition
Exocytosis
Term
Which of the following: fat, carbohydrates, protein, or heredity information, does DNA store that is important to all cellular functions?
Definition
Heredity information
Term
What type of protein acts as a biological catalyst, lowering the activation energy of a reaction?
Definition
Enzyme
Term
What are carbohydrates and lipids able to store in their bonds?
Definition
Energy
Term
Most of the food and waste materials that move into and out of a cell pass through what type of organic molecule in the cell membrane?
Definition
Protein
Term
Phospholipids are molecules that form the lipid bilayer of which important cell part: nucleus, centriole, microfilament, or cell membrane?
Definition
Cell membrane
Term
RNA plays an integral role in the production of which important molecule made of amino acids?
Definition
Protein
Term
What is the name of the carbohydrate found in cell walls that provides structural support for plants?
Definition
Cellulose
Term
Which of the following organic compounds: nucleic acid, lipid, protein, or carbohydrate functions in the building of bone and muscle?
Definition
Protein
Term
When a signal molecule bonds with a receptor protein, the receptor protein speeds up chemical reactions inside the cell. The receptor protein is an example of what type of catalytic substance?
Definition
Enzyme
Term
In eukaryotic cells, the timing of the cell cycle is regulated by which protein?
Definition
Cyclin
Term
Why is NADPH important in photosynthesis?
Definition
It carries high-energy electrons needed to produce organic molecules
Term
What are sugar molecules produced from during the third stage of photosynthesis?
Definition
Carbon atoms from carbon dioxide atoms in the air and hydrogen atoms from NADPH
Term
What two products of the ligh reactions of photosynthesis are required by the dark reactions?
Definition
ATP and NADPH
Term
During photosynthesis, the series of reactions that create the complex carbohydrates needed for energy and growth called?
Definition
Calvin Cycle
Term
From what molecules does the energy used in the Calvin cycle for the production of carbohydrate molecules come from?
Definition
ATP and NADPH
Term
A green plant is kept in a brightly lighted area for 48 hours. If the light intensity is reduced slightly during the next 48 hours what will most likely happen to the rate at which oxygen is released from the plant?
Definition
Decrease
Term
In which cell organelle is this process, carbon dioxide+water = glucose+water+oxygen, completed?
Definition
Chloroplast
Term
What gas is the major source of weight gain in a growing plant?
Definition
Carbon dioxide
Term
Two test tubes were filled with a solution of bromthymol blue. A student exhaled through a straw into each tube, and the bromthymol blue turned to yellow. An aquatic green plant was placed into each tube, and the tubes were corked. One tube was placed in the dark, and one was placed in direct sunlight.The yellow solution in the tube in sunlight turned blue, while the one in the dark remained yellow. Which statement(s) explains why the solution in the tube placed in sunlight returned to a blue color?
Definition
Carbon dioxide was removed by photosynthesis
Term
Chlorphyll is the primary pigment in plant chloroplasts. What wavelength of light (color) does it reflect?
Definition
Green
Term
What is the major atmosphere by-product of photosynthesis?
Definition
Oxygen
Term
What happens to the electrons of a chlorophyll molecule when they are raised to a higher energy level?
Definition
The enter an electron transport chain
Term
During photosynthesis, one type of electron transport chain is used to form molecule of ATP. What ist he second electron transport chain used for?
Definition
To form molecules of NADPH
Term
Know how environmental factors affect photosynthesis.
Definition
Page 124
Term
What process does this word equation represent? Glucose + oxygen - - enzymes= carbon dioxide + water + energy (in the form of ATP)
Definition
cellular respiration
Term
The sugar glucose (C6 H12 O6) is the major source of energy for your body's cells. What is the general equation that describes the process of cellular respiration?
Definition
sugar + oxygen = energy + carbon dioxide + water
Term
What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?
Definition
Oxygen
Term
Chemical energy stored in food molecules is released through what process?
Definition
Cellular respiration
Term
If oxygen is absent during the second stage of cellular respiration, what process occurs next?
Definition
Fermentation will occur
Term
Fermentation enables glycolysis to continue under what kind of conditions?
Definition
Anaerobic
Term
The total amount of ATP that a cell gains for each glucose molecule depends on the presence of what element?
Definition
Oxygen
Term
What is the starting molecule for glycolysis?
Definition
Glucose
Term
Glycolysis provides a cell with a net gain of how many ATP molecules?
Definition
Two
Term
What process of cellular respiration takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell?
Definition
Glycolysis
Term
What is the starting molecule for the Krebs cycle?
Definition
Pyruvic acid
Term
What molecules pass high-energy electrons passing into the electron transport chain during cellular respiration?
Definition
NADH and FADH2
Term
What is the energy of electrons passing along the electron transport chain used to make during cellular respiration?
Definition
ATP
Term
Know the structure and funtionof cellular organelles.
Definition
Pages 74 and 87
Term
What type of microscope would be best used to observe the three dimensional structure of the cell?
Definition
Scanning electron microscope
Term
What scientist determined that cells come only from preexisting cells?
Definition
Virchow
Term
What can the work of Schleiden and Schwannbe summarized as saying?
Definition
All plants and animals are made of cells
Term
What is one significant difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Definition
Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus
Term
What is the organelle associated with plant photosynthesis?
Definition
Chloroplast
Term
Plant cells have a large membrane-bound space in which water, waste products, and nutrients can be stored. What is this space called?
Definition
Central vacuole
Term
A cell that requires a lot of energy might contain large numbers ofwhat organelle?
Definition
Mitochondrion
Term
Of the following eukaryotic cells: tree, fungi, moss, and animal, which types of cells have a cell wall?
Definition
Tree, fungi, and moss only
Term
Lovomotion of certain cells is accomplished by long, threadlike organelles called what?
Definition
Flagella
Term
What are numerous short, threadlike organelles that protrude from the surface of a cell and are packed in tight rows called?
Definition
Cilia
Term
What is a structure within a eukaryotic cell that performs a specific function called?
Definition
Organelle
Term
What is the double membrane surrounding the nucleus called?
Definition
Nuclear envelope
Term
In a cell, where are proteins made?
Definition
Ribosomes
Term
What is the organelle known as the packaging and distribution center of the cell?
Definition
Golgi apparatus
Term
What is the structure that regulates what enters and leaves the cell?
Definition
Cell membrane
Term
What distinct type of cells work together to perform a common function?
Definition
Tissues
Term
What are tissues organized into specialized structures with specific functions called?
Definition
Organs
Term
What are organs working together that carry out majory body functions called?
Definition
Organ systems
Term
What is the lowest level of organization that includes the living and non-living components of an area?
Definition
Ecosystem
Term
What is the term for a group of organisms of one type living in the same place?
Definition
Population
Term
Ecosystems differ from a community in that ecosystems also contain:
Definition
Physical aspects
Term
What is the name of the process by which cells become specialized in form and function?
Definition
Differentiation
Term
What is a group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities called?
Definition
Biome
Term
Which would be more complex than tissues?
Definition
Organs
Term
What are all the differnet species within an ecosystem are collectively called?
Definition
Community
Term
What are the combined portions of the planet in which all of life exist, including land, water, adn the atmosphere called?
Definition
Biosphere
Term
What is the name of the process by which bacteria reproduce asexually in which there is no exchange of genetic material?
Definition
Binary fission
Term
What is the process in which the nucleus is divided into two nuclei?
Definition
Mitosis
Term
During normal mitotic cell division, a parent cell having four chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each containing how many chromosomes?
Definition
Four
Term
What is the name of the disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their growth rate?
Definition
Cancer
Term
Be able to recognize cells in different stages of mitosis.
Definition
Page 156, Figure 8-6
Term
Given a diagram be able to determine which phase of mitosis comes first, second, etc.
Definition
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Term
WHat is the name of the process necessary for reproduction, growth, and repair of cells?
Definition
Cell division
Term
Fragmentation is an example of which type of reproduction?
Definition
Asexual
Term
What is a form of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes when forming specialized reproductive cells, such as gametes or spores?
Definition
Meiosis
Term
If given the diploid number, know what the cell would look like at each stage of mitosis and meiosis.
Definition
Mitosis 2n=2n
Meiosis 2n=n
Term
What is the name of the process by which gametes of animals are formed?
Definition
Meiosis
Term
If an organism's diploid number is 12, what is its haploid number?
Definition
6
Term
Meiosis of a male diploid cell results in four haploid sperm. How many haploid eggs result from meiosis of a female diploid cell?
Definition
One
Term
Normal human males develop from fertilized eggs containing the combination of which sex chromosomes?
Definition
XY
Term
How many chromosomes are in the body cells of an organism that has a haploid number of 8?
Definition
16
Term
What is the point at which two chromatids are attatched to each other in a chromosome called?
Definition
Centromere
Term
What are chromatids?
Definition
Joined strands of duplicated genetic material
Term
What are the first three phases of the cell cycle collectively known as?
Definition
Interphase
Term
What is the phase of mitosis that is characterized by the arrangement of all chromosomes along the equator of the cell called?
Definition
Metaphase
Term
What is the exchange of corresponding segments of DNA of chromosomes during Prophase I called?
Definition
Crossing-over
Term
The production of offspring genetically identical to the parent plant is the result of:
Definition
asexual reproduction
Term
What is the expected phenotypic ratio resulting from a homozygous dominant x heterozygous monohybrid cross?
Definition
4:0
Term
How can the unknown genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype be determined?
Definition
Test cross
Term
What is the expected genotypic ratio resulting from a heterozygous x heterozygous monohybrid cross?
Definition
1:2:1
Term
Given a Punnett square, be able to give genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
Definition
Pages 182 and 183
Term
What is the scientific study of heredity called?
Definition
Genetics
Term
What is the passing of traits from parents to offspring called?
Definition
Genetics
Term
Who is the "father" of genetics?
Definition
Gregor Mendel
Term
If an individual possesses two recessive alleles for the same trait, the individual is said to be what?
Definition
Homozygous for the recessive trait
Term
What is the device shown, which is used to determine the probable outcome of genetic crosses, called?
Definition
Punnett square
Term
In rabbits, black fur (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). In this cross Bb x Bb, what percentage of the offspring would be black?
Definition
75% black
Term
What strand of DNA was transcribed to produce this strand of mRNA: CUCAAGUGCUUC?
Definition
GAGTTCACGAAG
Term
What are the anticodons for the codons in this piece of mRNA? MRNA: CUC-AAG-UGC-UUC
Definition
GAG-UUC-ACG-AAG
Term
Using the genetic code found in the book tell the portion of the protein molecule coded for by the piece of mRNA. mRNA: CUC-AAG-UGC-UUC
Definition
Leu-Lys-Cys-Phe
Term
Transcription is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is transferred to what type of molecule?
Definition
RNA molecule
Term
What are the portions of DNA molecule that actually code for the production of proteins called?
Definition
Exons
Term
What are the enzymes that unwind DNA called?
Definition
DNA helicases
Term
Guanine typically occurs in the same amount as what other nitrogenous base within an organism?
Definition
Cytosine
Term
RNA is chemically similar to DNA except that its sugars have an additional oxygen atom, and the base thymine is replaced by what structurally similar base called what?
Definition
Uracil
Term
Of te four nitrogen bases in DNA, which two are purines, and which two are pyrimidines?
Definition
Purines- Adenine and Guanine (two ring)
Pyrimidines- Thymine and Cytosine (single ringed)
Term
What is a change in a gene due to damage or being copied incorrectly called?
Definition
Mutation
Term
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
Definition
Deoxyribose (Five-carbon sugar), Nitrogenous base, and Phosphate group
Term
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is named for which part of its nucleotides?
Definition
Sugar
Term
During DNA replication, a complementary strand of DNA is made for each original DNA strand. Thus, if a portion of the original strand is CCTAGCT, what will be the new strand?
Definition
GGATCGA
Term
During transcription, the genetic information for making a protein is "rewritten" as what RNA molecule?
Definition
Messanger RNA
Term
What is each nucleotide triplet in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid callde?
Definition
Codon
Term
What is the name of the process of moving genes from a chromosome of one organism to a chromosome of a different organism?
Definition
Genetic engineering
Term
What is the risk associated with vaccines prepared by injecting killed or weakened pathogenic microbes into humans?
Definition
A few remaining live or unweakend microbes could still cause the disease
Term
What is the transferring of normal human genes into human cells that have defective genes called?
Definition
Gene therapy
Term
What is the function of gel electrophoresis?
Definition
Seperate DNA fragments
Term
Suppose a bacterial culture were mized with recombinant plasmids containing a gene for resistance to penicillin. The bacterial culture was then treated with penicillin. What effect would the penicillin have on the bacteria?
Definition
Those bacteria that are successfully transformed will be resistant to penicillin
Term
What is the advantage of using transgenic bacteria to produce human proteins as opposed to proteins produced naturally by humans?
Definition
Transgenic bacteria can produce human proteins in large amounts
Term
The process of DNA fingerprinting is based on the fact that no two people, except identical twins, have exactly the same what?
Definition
DNA
Term
What is the purpose of gene therapy?
Definition
Cure genetic disorders
Term
WHat are circular pieces of bacterial DNA that can replicate independently of the organism's main chromosome and are used as vectors in genetic engineering experiments called?
Definition
Plasmids
Term
Commercial production of which human protein, related to diabetes, was one of the first successful applications of genetic engineering?
Definition
Insulin
Term
Why is colorblindness more common in males tahn in females?
Definition
Because males only need one copy of the gene wheras females need two
Term
What does recombinant DNA technology do?
Definition
Uses bacteria to make copis of the desired product and splices DNA together
Term
What is a strand of DNA formed by the splicing of DNA from two different species called?
Definition
Recombinant DNA
Term
A chage in one DNA base, affecting the shape of red blood cells, causes what disease?
Definition
Sickle cell
Term
Huntington's, PKU, Tay-Sachs, which is caused by a dominant allele?
Definition
Huntington's
Term
What would be the value of inserting human genes suspected of causing Alzheimer disease into mice?
Definition
To develop mice that can serve as models for study of this condition
Term
How does a person inherit PKU?
Definition
They inherited the recessive allele for the trait from both parents
Term
A woman is diagnosed to have the genetic disease known as Huntington's disorder. It is a rare defect caused by an autosomal dominant allele. If the father lacks the allele, what is the chance for any one of her children to inherit the disease?
Definition
1/2
Term
The breakage of a chromosome can lead to a mutation. What type of mutation occurs if the piece reattaches to a non-homologous chromosome?
Definition
Translocation
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