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Greece in 300 B.C.E.,
naturalist, philosopher,
studied basics of human behavior:
emotion, motivation, perception
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1879 in Germany
•Philosopher, teacher, physiologist
•Founded the first psychology laboratory
•Defined psychology as “the science of mental life”
•Studied sensations, feelings, and thoughts
•How?
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• Russia in late 1800’s – early 1900’s
• Physiologist, researcher
• Studied digestive system in dogs
• Won first Noble prize for Russia in 1904
• with his work on digestion
• Spent his last 30 years studying learning
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•Austria in late 1800’s – early 1900’s
• Victorian era physician
• Studied early childhood experiences as an
influence on later life
• Created five stage theory of
Psychosexual Development
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Term
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Definition
•Late 1800’s – early 1900’s
• American physician, philosopher, educator
• Wrote Principles of Psychology in 1890
• Espoused Pragmatism
• Offered first course in psychology in US
• In 1913 America noticed field of Psychology
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Term
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Definition
redefined psychology
• Became “the study of observable behavior”
• Therefore, became known as Behaviorists
• Conducted “Little Albert” study
B.F. Skinner followed with Skinner Box and dismissed introspection
of any kind. |
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•France in early 1920’s
• Swiss biologist, and a French psychologist
• Studied children’s thinking and logic
• Helped create intelligence tests for children
• Created four stage theory ofCognitive Development
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Term
| Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow |
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Definition
•Humanistic Psychology – 1960’s
• Gentler approach than Freudian
• Believed environment and human potential effected all of life
• Believed love and acceptance are vital to a healthy life
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Term
Cognitive Psychology – 1960’s
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Definition
•Mental processes became focus of psychology
• Studied how mind interprets and retains
information; how the mind works
• Helped to redefine Psychology
• Today have emerging field of cognitive neuroscience
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Term
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Definition
•1960 to Present – have combined definitions
•Study both internal processes and external behavior
•Behavior is observable
•Mental processes are internal and subjective
So current definition is “the science of behavior and mental processes |
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Term
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Definition
is biggest issue in psychology
• What does this mean?
• Why is it an issue?
Levels of Analysis:
• Explains behavior from different viewpoints
• Bio-psycho-social approach is one of them
Everything is connected to everything else |
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Term
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Definition
•Neuroscience: brain’s wiring and effect
• Evolutionary: survival of the species
• Behavior Genetics: genes effect on behavior
• Psychodynamic: unconscious drives
• Behavioral: external cause and effect
• Cognitive: brain’s interpretation of events
• Social-Cultural: societal and cultural impact
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Term
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Definition
Each field studies it’s own area to build knowledge base
•Applied Research: Applies knowledge to specific situation
•Counseling Psychology: helps you cope with life’s challenges and improve
•Clinical Psychology: assess and treat disorders
•Psychiatrists: medical doctors who can prescribe medicine; also often do counseling
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Term
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Definition
• Hindsight Bias:
• Hindsight is 20/20; “I knew it all along”
• Overconfidence:
• We think we know more than we do
• Both cause us to overestimate our intuition
• Scientific Attitude: Curiosity and Humility
• can lead to Critical Thinking
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Term
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Definition
• Open-minded
• Identify biases and assumptions
• Attitude of skepticism
• Facts from opinions
• Don’t oversimplify
• Use logical inference
• Review all evidence
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Term
Scientific Method Terms: used in all research
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Definition
•Theory:
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• Hypothesis:
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• Operational Definition:
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• Replicate:
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Term
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Definition
Descriptive Techniques: describebehavior
•Case Study – Study one or more people in great depth
•Survey – Study more people but not as in depth
•Naturalistic Observation – Watch and record behavior in natural environment
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Term
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Definition
shows how closely two items are related
•Correlation Coefficient is a statistical measure
•Coefficient ranges from + 1 to – 1
•+ or – number indicates type of relationship
•+ means there is a direct relationship: they go the same direction
•- means there is an inverse relationship: they go opposite directions
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Definition
•Perfect positive correlation – when one event happens the other will happen in the same direction and to the same degree
•Perfect negative correlation – when one event happens the other will happen in the opposite direction and to the same degree
•Knowing that two things are related does not prove causation
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