Term
| Imagine we are rolling a fair die. (The singular of "dice" is "die.") There are six equally-likely outcomes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. What is the probability of getting a five? (In this case there is only one successful/favorable outcome, 5.) |
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Definition
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Term
| Imagine we are rolling a fair die. There are six equally likely outcomes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. What is the probability of getting a four or a five? (In this case there are 2 successful outcomes, which are 4 and 5.) |
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Definition
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Term
| Imagine we are rolling a fair die. There are six equally likely outcomes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. What is the probability of getting an even number? (In this case there are 3 successful outcomes, which are 2, 4 and 6.) |
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Definition
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Term
| A bag of sweets contains 6 mints and 4 eclairs. One sweet is taken at random from the bag. (In this case there are ten equally-likely outcomes: six mints and four eclairs.) What is the probability of picking a mint? |
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Definition
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Term
| A spinner with five equally likely outcomes (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) is spun. What is the probability of getting a two? |
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Definition
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Term
| A spinner with five equally likely outcomes (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) is spun. What is the probability of getting an even number? |
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Definition
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Term
| A spinner with four equally likely outcomes (1, 2, 2, and 5) is spun. What is the probability of getting a two? |
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Definition
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Term
| A spinner with four equally likely outcomes (1, 2, 2, and 5) is spun. What is the probability of getting a five? |
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Definition
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Term
| A spinner with five equally likely outcomes (1, 2, 2, 2, and 4) is spun. What is the probability of getting an even number? |
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Definition
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Term
| The [relative frequency] probability of a 60-year-old woman dying of a heart attack within ten years equals the number of 60-year-old woman who do die of a heart attack within ten years, divided by all comparable 60-year-old women.) So, assume we observed 1000 60-year-old women over ten years, and observed that 35 of them died of heart attacks. What is the probability of a random 60-year-old woman dying of a heart attack? |
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Definition
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Term
| All animals are living things. At least one cabbage is a living thing. So at least one cabbage is an animal. |
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Definition
| Invalid (true premises, false conclusion), unsound |
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Term
| All murderers are criminals. Therefore, all non murderers are non-criminals. |
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Definition
| Invalid (true premises, false conclusion), unsound |
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Term
| Since Moby Dick was written by Shakespeare, and Moby Dick is a science-fiction novel, it follows that Shakespeare wrote a science-fiction novel. |
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Definition
| Valid (false premises, false conclusion), unsound |
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Term
| If Lincoln was killed in an automobile accident, then Lincoln is dead. Lincoln was not killed in an automobile accident. Lincoln is not dead. |
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Definition
| Invalid (true premises, false conclusion), unsound |
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Term
| All whales are mammals. All mammals are warm-blooded creatures. All whales are warm-blooded creatures. |
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Definition
| Valid (true premises, true conclusion), sound |
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Term
| A deductive argument whose true premises do not necessarily prove its conclusion is considered to be ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| An argument is ___________ if it is valid and all of its premises are true. |
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Definition
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Term
| An argument is ___________ if it is strong and all of its premises are true. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following best identifies the term "however"? |
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Definition
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Term
| A ___________ argument with true premises provides absolute proof of the truth of the conclusion. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following best identifies the term "since"? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following best identifies the term "or"? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following best identifies the term "but"? |
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Definition
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Term
| A syllogism is composed of at least ... |
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Definition
| one conclusion and two premises. |
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Term
| An argument is composed of at least ... |
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Definition
| one premise and one conclusion |
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Term
| Arguments always have at least two premises (t/f) |
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Definition
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Term
| An inductive argument is one for which it is claimed that... |
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Definition
| the conclusion follows with probability from the premises |
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Term
| Which of the following types of arguments is most likely is NOT a deductive argument? |
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Definition
| An argument based on signs. |
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Term
| A deductive argument is one for which it is claimed that... |
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Definition
| the conclusion cannot be false if the premise(s) are true. |
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Term
| Arguments always have at least two statements (propositions). (T/F) |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is NOT a premise indicator.
(so / since / for / given that) |
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Definition
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Term
| Logic is concerned with the methods and principles that can be used to evaluate arguments. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Arguments are the same thing as explanations. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Arguments are ____________ composed of exactly two statements. Always /Sometimes |
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Definition
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Term
| Arguments, in the logician's sense, are disagreements or disputes between or among two or more persons or entities. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| (Probability) Hat One contains 6 yellow marbles and 4 red marbles. Hat Two contains 3 yellow marbles and 3 red marbles and 4 green marbles. What if I draw one marble from Hat Two and put it in my pocket, and then draw another marble from the same hat (Hat Two) and put it in my pocket. What is the probability that I have two green marbles in my pocket? |
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Definition
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Term
| (Probability) Hat One contains 6 yellow marbles and 4 red marbles. Hat Two contains 3 yellow marbles and 3 red marbles and 4 green marbles. If I draw two marbles from Hat One, what is the probability that I have drawn two yellow marbles? |
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Definition
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Term
| (Probability) Hat One contains 6 yellow marbles and 4 red marbles. Hat Two contains 3 yellow marbles and 3 red marbles and 4 green marbles. What is the probability that drawing one marble from each hat will yield two red marbles? |
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Definition
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Term
| (Probability) Hat One contains 6 yellow marbles and 4 red marbles. Hat Two contains 3 yellow marbles and 3 red marbles and 4 green marbles. What if I draw one marble from Hat One and put it in my pocket, and then draw another marble from the same hat (Hat One) and put it in my pocket, and then draw a third marble from the same hat (Hat One). What is the probability that I have three yellow marbles in my pocket? |
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Definition
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Term
| (Probability) Hat One contains 6 yellow marbles and 4 red marbles. Hat Two contains 3 yellow marbles and 3 red marbles and 4 green marbles. What is the probability of drawing either a yellow marble or a red marble on a single draw from Hat Two? |
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Definition
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Term
| (Probability) Hat One contains 6 yellow marbles and 4 red marbles. Hat Two contains 3 yellow marbles and 3 red marbles and 4 green marbles. If I draw one marble from Hat One and one marble from Hat Two, what is the probability that I have drawn two green marbles? |
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Definition
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Term
| (Probability) Hat One contains 6 yellow marbles and 4 red marbles. Hat Two contains 3 yellow marbles and 3 red marbles and 4 green marbles. If I draw one marble from Hat One and one marble from Hat Two, what is the probability that I have drawn two yellow marbles? |
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Definition
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Term
| (Probability) Hat One contains 6 yellow marbles and 4 red marbles. Hat Two contains 3 yellow marbles and 3 red marbles and 4 green marbles. What is the probability of drawing either a green marble or a red marble on a single draw from Hat Two? |
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Definition
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Term
| (Probability) Hat One contains 6 yellow marbles and 4 red marbles. Hat Two contains 3 yellow marbles and 3 red marbles and 4 green marbles. What if I draw one marble from Hat Two and put it in my pocket, and then draw another marble from the same hat (Hat Two) and put it in my pocket, and then draw a third marble from the same hat (Hat Two). What is the probability that I have three red marbles in my pocket? |
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Definition
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Term
| (Probability) Hat One contains 6 yellow marbles and 4 red marbles. Hat Two contains 3 yellow marbles and 3 red marbles and 4 green marbles. What if I draw one marble from Hat One and put it in my pocket, and then draw another marble from the same hat (Hat One) and put it in my pocket. What is the probability that I have two red marbles in my pocket? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the probability of getting at least one six on three rolls of a die? |
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Definition
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Term
If a pair of dice are rolled, what is the probability that the points (pips, dots) add up to five?
Consider all the ways one can roll a five with a pair of dice. Use the conjunction rule to figure the liklihood of each of those ways and then the disjunction rule to figure your total chances. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the probability of drawing two aces from a standard deck in two draws if the first card is replaced before the second is drawn? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the probability of drawing two aces from a standard deck in two draws if the first card is not replaced before the second is drawn? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the probability of getting at least one tail on three tosses of a coin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the probability of getting at least one tail on three tosses of a coin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the probability of drawing either a king or a queen from a standard deck of 52 cards on a single draw? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the probability of getting heads on each of three successive tosses of one coin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the probability of getting either a six or a one from a single roll of a single die? |
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Definition
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Term
| If you are dealt five cards from a standard deck, what is the probability you will be dealt at least one ace? |
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Definition
| 1 - (48/52 x 47/51 x 46/50 x 45/49 x 44/48) |
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Term
| (Hat One contains 6 yellow marbles and 4 red marbles. Hat Two contains only 3 red marbles.) Suppose I draw once from each hat. What is the probability that I will draw at least one red marble. |
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Definition
| 4/10 + 3/3 - (4/10 x 3/3) |
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Term
| (Probability) An urn contains 6 red marbles and 4 green marbles. What if I draw one marble from the urn and put it in my pocket, and then draw another marble from the urn and put it in my pocket, and then draw another marble from the urn and put it in my pocket. What is the probability that I have 3 red marbles in my pocket? |
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Definition
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Term
| (Probability) Assume that a person can have only one of four possible hair colors and that the probabilities of each are: black (.31); brown (.30); blond (.25); or red (deliberately unspecified). Assume that no one is bald. Assume that every person is either male or female, that sex and hair color are independent of one another, and that the probability of being female is .51. What is the probability that the next person you randomly see will either have black hair or be a female (or both)? |
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Definition
| (.31 + .51) - (.31 x .51) |
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Term
| (Probability) You are sitting two places to the left of the dealer in a five-person poker game. What is the probability of you getting at least one ace when everyone is dealt four face-down cards? |
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Definition
| 1 - the probability of getting no aces |
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Term
| (Probability) An urn contains 6 red marbles and 4 green marbles. What if I draw one marble from the urn and put it in my pocket and then draw another marble from the urn and put it in my pocket. What is the probability that I have two marbles of the same color in my pocket? |
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Definition
(6/10 x 5/9) + (4/10 x 3/9)
One red and then a second red OR one green and a second green. |
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Term
| (Probability) An urn contains 6 red marbles and 4 green marbles. What if I draw one marble from the urn and put it in my pocket, and then draw another marble from the urn and put it in my pocket, and then draw another marble from the urn and put it in my pocket. What is the probability that I have at least one green marble in my pocket? |
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Definition
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Term
| (Probability) An urn contains 6 red marbles and 4 green marbles. What if I draw one marble from the urn and put it in my pocket and then draw another marble from the urn and put it in my pocket. What is the probability that I have one red and one green marble in my pocket? |
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Definition
| (6/10 x 4/9) + (4/10 x 6/9) |
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Term
| (Probability) If a pair of dice are rolled, what is the probability that the points add up to 6? Consider all the ways one can roll a six with a pair of dice. Use the conjunction rule to figure the liklihood of each of those ways and then the disjunction rule to figure your total chances. |
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Definition
| 5/36 One can roll a 6 five ways, a 5 on the first die and a 1 on the second, a 4 on the first die and a 2 on the second, a 3 on the first and a 3 on the second, or a 2 on the first and a 4 on the second or a 1 on the first and a 5 on the second. (1/6 x 1/6) + (1/6 x 1/6) + (1/6 x 1/6) + (1/6 x 1/6) + (1/6 x 1/6) |
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Term
| (Probability) A person holding a deck of cards (face down) in her hand removes approximately the top half of the deck and sets those cards aside. What is the probability that the top two cards remaining in her hand are both aces? |
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Definition
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Term
| (Probability) Assume that a person can have only one of four possible hair colors and that the probabilities of each are: black (.31); brown (.30); blond (.25); or red (deliberately unspecified). Assume that no one is bald. Assume that every person is either male or female, that sex and hair color are independent of one another, and that the probability of being female is .51. What is the probability of a red-haired male? |
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Definition
| [ 1 - (.31 + .30 + .25)] x (1 - .51) |
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Term
| Tension seems to make me more productive. The more pressure I'm under the more I get done. |
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Definition
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Term
| He loves me for my money, not for myself. When I lost everything in the stock market crash, he left me |
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Definition
| Difference. NOT Agreement. |
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Term
| Reading is the key to a good education. Whenever their circumstances, whether rich or poor, whether they had formal schooling or not, people who read have been able to educate themselves. |
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Definition
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Term
| Democracies always disintegrate into some form of absolutism. Athenian democracy fell prey to the 30 tyrants and later to the Macedonians, the Roman republic fell apart at the time of Julius Caesar, the democratic Weimar republic in Germany disintegrated in the face of Nazi rise to power. |
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Definition
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Term
| I get nausea whenever I eat ice cream. The same thing happens whenever I drink milk or eat cheese. The nausea must be a reaction to milk products. |
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Definition
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Term
| If you put one newspaper in a dark closet and another near a window, the second on will yellow but the first won't. Newspaper turns yellow, not because of exposure to the air per se, but because of exposure to sunlight. |
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Definition
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Term
| People like La Mama's for the spaghetti. Every Wednesday, when it's a special, you need a reservation get in. They have other specials on other nights, and you can walk right in. |
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Definition
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Term
| A man steps on a scale holding the suitcase he is taking to the airport. The scale reads “240 pounds.” Since the man knows he weighs 205 pounds, he concludes that the suitcase weighs 235 pounds. |
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Definition
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Term
| Exposure to environmental carcinogens certainly increases the chance of cancer. But it cannot fully explain the incidence of cancer; so genetic factors must also play a role. |
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Definition
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Term
| Doing drugs will lower your chances of graduating. Statistics show the more often a student takes drugs, the more likely he or she is to drop out of school. |
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Definition
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Term
| Moss is harming the roots of trees in Europe and North America. In 100 dying forests, geographers found that the feeder roots of trees were dead when they were covered by moss, yet just a few inches beyond the moss, the roots were healthy. |
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Definition
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Term
| Politicians are best able to carry out wars successfully. All of Bismarck's wars were successful, as were American's under Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Roosevelt. But Japan in World War II and Germany in World War I let their generals run the war, and they both lost. |
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Definition
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Term
| Blue clothing attracts mosquitoes. Various people who sat outside in muggy weather, dry weather, in the morning, afternoon, and evening, in areas with many mosquitoes and areas with fewer mosquitoes, but who all wore blue clothes got lots and lots of mosquito bites. |
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Definition
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Term
| Secrecy has an inhibiting effect on technological development. The government forces secrecy regarding nuclear weapons, and the U.S. is about even with the Russians in this area. But in computer technology, where there is no enforced secrecy, the U.S. is far ahead. |
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Definition
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Term
| Powerful countries go into decline when they attempt to exert military power beyond what their countries can support. This was the common factor in the decline of the Roman Empire, Spain in the 17th century, and Britain more recently. |
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Definition
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Term
| On most lobsters, the two claws differ in size. The large one is used for crushing, the small one for cutting. Exercise is the factor determining which claw becomes the crusher. If lobsters are reared in a tank with nothing to grab, both claws remain small. |
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Definition
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Term
| There are mice, squirrels, and foxes in the local state Park. The city park used to have all three too, but after the policy of exterminating mice was implemented by the city, the foxes disappeared along with the mice. Now the city park still has squirrels, but no mice and no foxes. So it appears that mice are necessary to support a fox population. |
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Definition
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Term
| I find that I enjoy Atlantic City but not Las Vegas. They both have gambling, and they both have shows. But Atlantic City has the ocean. That must be why I like it. |
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Definition
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Term
| If a number of people who are suffering from a certain disease have all gone for a considerable time without fresh fruits or vegetables, but have in other respects had quite different diets, have lived in different conditions, belong to different races, and so on, so that the lack of fresh fruits and vegetables is the only feature common to all of them, then we can conclude that the lack of fresh fruits and vegetables is the cause of the disease. |
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Definition
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Term
| Exposure to environmental carcinogens certainly increases the chance of cancer. But it cannot fully explain the incidence of cancer; so genetic factors must also play a role. |
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Definition
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Term
| A factor which is indispensable and must have occurred if a specifiable state of affairs has occurred is called _______________ condition. |
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Definition
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Term
| Having a lottery ticket is ______________ condition for winning the lottery. |
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Definition
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Term
| Having an automobile is _______________ condition for going to Paris. |
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Definition
| neither a necessary nor sufficient |
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Term
| Access to water is _______________ condition for growing plants. |
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Definition
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Term
| Being a wombat is ___________ condition for being a marsupial. |
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Definition
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Term
| “John loves Mary” is _________________ condition for “Mary loves John.” |
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Definition
| neither a necessary nor sufficient |
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Term
| Being a three-sided plane figure is a _________________ for being a triangle. |
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Definition
| both a necessary and a sufficient |
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Term
| Having some money is _______________ condition for having ten dollars. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the formula, "If x happens, then y always happens," x is said to be _______________ condition for y. |
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Definition
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Term
| Being female is ___________ condition for being a mother. |
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Definition
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Term
| A cause is a necessary condition for an event if its presence is enough to bring about the event. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| A cause is a sufficient condition for an event if its presence is enough to bring about the event. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Noticing that X increases as Y increases and concluding that X and Y are causally related is an example of the method of ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Noticing that X increases as Y decreases and concluding that X and Y are causally related is an example of the method of ... |
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Definition
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Term
| When a cause is established by identifying a correlation between two phenomena, the method of residues is being used. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| When one attempts to establish the cause of something by identifying a common factor in a range of cases, one is using the method of |
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Definition
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Term
| The method of difference involves.. |
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Definition
| comparing two cases, one in which the effect is present and one in which the effect is absent |
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Term
| If we subtract from a phenomenon what is already known to be the effect of some antecedent events, then the remainder is the result of the remaining antecedent(s). |
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Definition
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Term
| Mill's joint method combines which two methods? |
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Definition
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Term
| The method of difference involves identifying ways in which differences between events influence our perception of them. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria that bear upon acceptance of hypotheses? |
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Definition
| Its rivals been proven false. It is the only hypothesis that "remains standing." |
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Term
| The general pattern of the logic of disconfirmation is: |
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Definition
| If H then I. Not I. So, not H |
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Term
| The general pattern of confirmation is: |
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Definition
| If H then I. I. So, probably H. |
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Term
| In the nineteenth century, the English sociologist Francis Galton investigated the effectiveness of prayer. He was not attempting to investigate the value of prayer to the person praying; rather, he was interested in determining whether prayer was effective as a means of achieving what was prayed for. Galton reasoned that if prayer were effective, then something regularly prayed for would probably come about. He knew that in the nineteenth century, when people went regularly to church, there would be many people praying each Sunday for the good health and longevity of the queen and members of the royal family. Galton observed the recorded and well-established facts of the ages attained by royalty at death, and he compared these with the equally well-established facts of the age at death of the members of the higher social classes. He noted that royalty did not live longer, on the average, than the higher social classes. (Is the following statement true or false?) "Royalty will live longer, on the average, than members of the higher social classes" is a test implication of the hypothesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the nineteenth century, the English sociologist Francis Galton investigated the effectiveness of prayer. He was not attempting to investigate the value of prayer to the person praying; rather, he was interested in determining whether prayer was effective as a means of achieving what was prayed for. Galton reasoned that if prayer were effective, then something regularly prayed for would probably come about. He knew that in the nineteenth century, when people went regularly to church, there would be many people praying each Sunday for the good health and longevity of the queen and members of the royal family. Galton observed the recorded and well-established facts of the ages attained by royalty at death, and he compared these with the equally well-established facts of the age at death of the members of the higher social classes. He noted that royalty did not live longer, on the average, than the higher social classes. (Is the following statement true or false?) "People regularly prayed for the long life of the queen and members of the royal family" is a test implication of the hypothesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the nineteenth century, the English sociologist Francis Galton investigated the effectiveness of prayer. He was not attempting to investigate the value of prayer to the person praying; rather, he was interested in determining whether prayer was effective as a means of achieving what was prayed for. Galton reasoned that if prayer were effective, then something regularly prayed for would probably come about. He knew that in the nineteenth century, when people went regularly to church, there would be many people praying each Sunday for the good health and longevity of the queen and members of the royal family. Galton observed the recorded and well-established facts of the ages attained by royalty at death, and he compared these with the equally well-established facts of the age at death of the members of the higher social classes. He noted that royalty did not live longer, on the average, than the higher social classes. (Is the following statement true or false?) Galton's observations disconfirmed the hypothesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the passage above, "childbed fever affected nearly 20% of the women in Division I" is ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Cadaveric matter causes childbed fever is ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Mortality rates dropped from 18.3% to 1.3% is ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Instituting a strict policy of handwashing prior to attending patients is... |
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Definition
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Term
| "If doctors and medical students wash their hands with chlorinated lime, the mortality rate from childbed fever will decline" is ... |
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Definition
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Term
| "Nature abhors a vacuum" is ... |
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Definition
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Term
| "Suction pumps used to drain water from mine shafts do not work if the pump is more than about 30 feet above the water level" is ... |
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Definition
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Term
| "Water is supported in Gasparo Berti's pipe by the vacuum that is created above it" is ... |
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Definition
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Term
| "Air has weight and creates pressure that supports Berti's tubefull of water by pushing against the bottom of the tube" is ... |
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Definition
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Term
| "If a tube of mercury is capped, inverted, submerged and then uncapped in an open vessel of mercury, the mercury column will fall to approximately 33/13 feet" is ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Pascal's thought that "if a barometer were taken to the top of a high mountain the mercury column would drop" was ... |
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Definition
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Term
| "A siphon will not siphon water from a reservoir and over a 60-foot hill" is ... |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ can be defined as having something to do with arguments |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is a group of statements one or more of which are claimed to provide support for, or reason to believe, one of the others |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is a something that is true or false |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 TYPES of non arguments are: think WARO |
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Definition
| Warnings, advice, reports, and opinions |
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Term
| If a valid argument has true premisses it is _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Deductive arguments with all true premises and a true conclusion are _______ valid. |
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Definition
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Term
| You have a pair of dice. What is the Probability of getting at least one 6? |
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Definition
6/36 + 6/36 - (1/6 x 1/6/) = 11/36
or you can just map it out and count them |
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Term
| You have one urn: 2R, 5G, 4Y. What is the P(G OR Y)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Conjunctive probabilities use the phrase ________ and use the ______ symbol, whereas, Disjunctive probabilities uses ______ and ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the chances of at least 1 head when flipping 2 coins? |
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Definition
| 1/2 + 1/2 - (1/2 x 1/2) = 3/4 |
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Term
| What are the chances of getting at least one head while flipping 3 coins? |
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Definition
| 3/4 + 1/2 - (3/4 x 1/2) = 7/8 |
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Term
| Negation rule of of getting at least one head with 3 coins is? |
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Definition
| 1 - P(all tales) so 1-(1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2) = 1 - 1/8 = 7/8 |
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Term
| If A is sufficient for B, this means that A ______ B. |
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Definition
| Guarantees. If A happens, then so does B |
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Term
| Give an example of a sufficient condition/relationship |
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Definition
| A grade of 90 guarantees an "A" |
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Term
| A necessary condition means that X is ________ for Y |
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Definition
| Necessary. If X is gone, so is Y. |
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Term
| Give and example of a necessary condition |
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Definition
| If Oxygen is gone, so is the fire. You can't have a fire without oxygen. |
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Term
| Hypothetical methods includes 4 implications... (think detective) |
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Definition
| Occurrence of a problem, formulating a hypothesis, drawing implications from the hypothesis, and testing the implications. |
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Term
| __________ first stated that _____ abhors a vacuum |
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Definition
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Term
| Contrary to belief, a ________ is actually added to the evidence, not deduced from it |
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Definition
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Term
| In order to accept a hypothesis, there must be 4 things that it must do... (think AIEF) |
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Definition
| It must be adequate, internally coherent, externally consistent, and fruitful |
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