Term
| Freud came to believe that the vast majority of mental disorders were due to what? |
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Definition
| unresolved issues that originated in childhood. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Freud's 3 levels of awareness |
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Definition
| conscious, preconscious, unconscious |
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Term
| describe freud's conscious mind awareness |
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Definition
| Freud described the conscious part of the mind as the tip of the iceberg. It contains all the material a person is aware of at any one time, including perceptions, memories, thoughts, fantasies, and feelings. |
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Term
| describe freud's preconsious mind awareness |
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Definition
| Just below the surface of awareness is the preconscious, which contains material that can be retrieved rather easily through conscious effort. |
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Term
| describe freud's unconsious mind awareness |
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Definition
| The unconscious includes all repressed memories, passions, and unacceptable urges lying deep below the surface. It is believed that the memories and emotions associated with trauma are often “placed” in the unconscious because the individual finds it too painful to deal with them. |
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Term
| Freud's 3 levels of personality |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The id is the source of all drives, instincts, reflexes, needs, genetic inheritance, and capacity to respond, as well as all the wishes that motivate us. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ego, which emerges in the fourth or fifth month of life, is the problem solver and reality tester. It is able to differentiate subjective experiences, memory images, and objective reality and attempts to negotiate a solution with the outside world. The ego follows the reality principle, which says to the id, “You have to delay gratification for right now,” and then sets a course of action. |
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Term
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Definition
| The superego, the last portion of the personality to develop, represents the moral component of personality. The superego consists of the conscience (all the “should nots” internalized from parents) and the ego ideal (all the “shoulds” internalized from parents). The superego represents the ideal rather than the real; it seeks perfection, as opposed to seeking pleasure or engaging reason. |
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Term
| what are defense mechanisms, |
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Definition
| ego develops defenses, or defense mechanisms, to ward off anxiety by preventing conscious awareness of threatening feelings. |
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Term
| Defense mechanisms share two common features: |
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Definition
| (1) they all (except suppression) operate on an unconscious level, and we are not aware of their operation; and (2) they deny, falsify, or distort reality to make it less threatening. |
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Term
| Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development |
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Definition
oral 0-1 yr
anal 1-3 yr
phallic/opedial 3-6 yr
latency 6-12 yr
genital 12+ yr |
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Term
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Definition
| when the patient experiences feelings toward the nurse or therapist that were originally held toward significant others in his or her life |
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Term
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Definition
| is the health care worker's unconscious, personal response to the patient. For instance, if the patient reminds you of someone you do not like, you may unconsciously react as if the patient were that individual |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychodynamic therapy follows the psychoanalytic model by using many of the tools of psychoanalysis, such as free association, dream analysis, transference, and countertransference. However, the therapist has increased involvement and interacts with the patient more freely than in traditional psychoanalysis. |
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Term
| erikson's 8 stages of development |
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Definition
Trust vs. mistrust Infancy (0-1½ yr)
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Early childhood (1½-3 yr)
Initiative vs. guilt Late childhood (3-6 yr)
Industry vs. inferiority(6-12 yr)
Identity vs. role confusion(12-20 yr)
Intimacy vs. isolation(20-35 yr)
Generativity vs. self-absorption(35-65 yr)
Integrity vs. despair(65 yr to death) |
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Term
| Sullivan (1953) defined personality as |
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Definition
| as behavior that can be observed within interpersonal relationships. |
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Term
| Sullivan defined anxiety as |
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Definition
| as any painful feeling or emotion that arises from social insecurity or prevents biological needs from being satisfied. |
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Term
| the term security operations describes |
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Definition
| measures the individual employs to reduce anxiety and enhance security. |
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Term
| Interpersonal psychotherapy |
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Definition
| an effective short-term therapy derived from the school of psychiatry that originated with Adolph Meyer and Harry Stack Sullivan |
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Term
| Hildegard Peplau (1909-1999) contribution to psychiatry |
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Definition
| influenced by the work of Sullivan and learning theory, developed the first systematic theoretical framework for psychiatric nursing in her groundbreaking book Interpersonal Relations in Nursing (1952) |
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Term
| who was the first nurse to identify psychiatric mental health nursing both as an essential element of general nursing and as a specialty area that embraces specific governing principles |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| involves pairing a behavior with a condition that reinforces or diminishes the behavior's occurrence. |
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Term
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Definition
| “Caring” as foundation for nursing |
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Term
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Definition
| Goal of self-care as integral to the practice of nursing |
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Term
| Sister Callista Roy's theory |
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Definition
| Continual need for people to adapt physically, psychologically, and socially |
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Term
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Definition
| Impact of internal and external stressors on the equilibrium of the system |
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Term
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Definition
| Meaning in the nurse-patient relationship and the importance of communication |
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Term
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Definition
| classical conditioned responses are involuntary—not under conscious personal control—and are not spontaneous choices. |
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Term
| John B. Watson's behaviorism theory - |
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Definition
| personality traits and responses—adaptive and maladaptive—are socially learned through classical conditioning |
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Term
| B. F. Skinner's operant conditioning theory - |
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Definition
| voluntary behaviors are learned through consequences, and behavioral responses are elicited through reinforcement, which causes a behavior to occur more frequently. A consequence can be a positive reinforcement, such as receiving a reward (getting a 3.8 GPA after studying hard all semester), or a negative reinforcement, such as the removal of an objectionable or aversive stimulus (walking freely through a park once the vicious dog is picked up by the dogcatcher). |
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Term
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Definition
| an unpleasant consequence |
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Term
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Definition
| Absence of reinforcement, |
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Term
| Behavioral therapy is based on what |
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Definition
| the assumption that changes in maladaptive behavior can occur without insight into the underlying cause. This approach works best when it is directed at specific problems and the goals are well defined. Behavioral therapy is effective in treating people with phobias, alcoholism, schizophrenia, and many other conditions. |
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Term
| Operant conditioning is the basis for what |
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Definition
| behavior modification. It uses positive reinforcement to increase desired behaviors. |
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Term
| what are the 4 steps of Systematic desensitization |
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Definition
1. The patient's fear is broken down into its components by exploring the particular stimulus cues to which the patient reacts
2. The patient is incrementally exposed to the fear.
3. The patient is instructed in how to design a hierarchy of fears.
4. The patient practices these techniques every day. |
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Term
| 3 parts of adversion therapy technique |
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Definition
1. Pairing of a maladaptive behavior with a noxious stimulus (e.g., pairing the sight and smell of alcohol with electric shock), so that anxiety or fear becomes associated with the once-pleasurable stimulus
2. Punishment (e.g., punishment applied after the patient has had an alcoholic drink)
3. Avoidance training (e.g., patient avoids punishment by pushing a glass of alcohol away within a certain time limit) |
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Term
| Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) was developed by who |
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Definition
| Albert Ellis (1913-2007) in 1955. |
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Term
| what does Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) try to accomplish? |
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Definition
| The aim of REBT is to eradicate core irrational beliefs by helping people recognize thoughts that are not accurate, sensible, or useful. These thoughts tend to take the form of shoulds (e.g., “I should always be polite.”), oughts (e.g., “I ought to consistently win my tennis games.”), and musts (e.g., “I must be thin.”). |
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Term
| "A,B,C" process of Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) |
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Definition
| A stands for the activating event, B stands for beliefs about the event, and C stands for emotional consequence as a result of the event. |
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Term
| Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) was developed by whom? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| unique assumptions about ourselves, others, and the world around us |
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Term
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Definition
| unique assumptions about ourselves, others, and the world around us |
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Term
| what are automatic thoughts. |
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Definition
| Rapid, unthinking responses based on schemas |
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Term
| what are automatic thoughts. |
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Definition
| Rapid, unthinking responses based on schemas |
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Term
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Definition
| automatic thoughts that are irrational and lead to false assumptions and misinterpretations. |
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Term
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Definition
| automatic thoughts that are irrational and lead to false assumptions and misinterpretations. |
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Term
| Humanistic theories focus on |
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Definition
| human potential and free will to choose life patterns that are supportive of personal growth. Humanistic frameworks emphasize a person's capacity for self-actualization |
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Term
| Humanistic theories focus on |
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Definition
| human potential and free will to choose life patterns that are supportive of personal growth. Humanistic frameworks emphasize a person's capacity for self-actualization |
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Term
| A biological model of mental illness focuses on what |
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Definition
| neurological, chemical, biological, and genetic issues and seeks to understand how the body and brain interact to create emotions, memories, and perceptual experiences. |
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Term
| A biological model of mental illness focuses on what |
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Definition
| neurological, chemical, biological, and genetic issues and seeks to understand how the body and brain interact to create emotions, memories, and perceptual experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| unique assumptions about ourselves, others, and the world around us |
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Term
| what are automatic thoughts. |
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Definition
| Rapid, unthinking responses based on schemas |
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Term
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Definition
| automatic thoughts that are irrational and lead to false assumptions and misinterpretations. |
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Term
| Humanistic theories focus on |
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Definition
| human potential and free will to choose life patterns that are supportive of personal growth. Humanistic frameworks emphasize a person's capacity for self-actualization |
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Term
| A biological model of mental illness focuses on what |
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Definition
| neurological, chemical, biological, and genetic issues and seeks to understand how the body and brain interact to create emotions, memories, and perceptual experiences. |
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Term
| milieu therapy describes what? |
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Definition
| use of the total environment to treat disturbed people. |
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Term
1. The nurse is working with a patient who lacks the ability to problem solve and seeks ways to self-satisfy without regard for others. The nurse understands that which system of the patient's personality is most pronounced?
1. Id
2. Ego
3. Conscience (superego)
4. Ego ideal (superego) |
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Definition
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Term
2. Which behavior, seen in a 30-year-old patient, would alert the nurse to the fact that the patient is not in his appropriate developmental stage according to Erikson?
1. States he is happily married
2. Frequently requests to call his brother “just to check in”
3. Looks forward to visits from a co-worker
4. Says “I'm still trying to find myself.” |
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Definition
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Term
3. A patient has difficulty sitting still and listening to others during group therapy. The therapist plans to use operant conditioning as a form of behavioral modification to assist the patient. Which action would the nurse expect to see in group therapy?
1. The therapist will act as a role model for the patient by sitting still and listening.
2. The patient will receive a token from the therapist for each session in which she sits still and listens.
3. The patient will be required to sit in solitude for 30 minutes after each session in which she does not sit still or listen.
4. The therapist will ask that the patient sit still and listen for only 2 minutes at a time to begin and will increase the time incrementally until the patient can sit and listen 10 minutes at a time. |
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Definition
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Term
4. The nurse is planning care for a patient with anxiety who will be admitted to the unit shortly. Which nursing action is most important?
1. Consider ways to assist the patient to feel valued during his stay on the unit.
2. Choose a roommate for the patient so that a friendship can develop.
3. Identify a room where the patient will have comfortable surroundings, and order a balanced meal plan.
4. Plan methods of decreasing stimuli that could cause heightened anxiety in the patient. |
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Definition
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Term
5. An experienced nurse is monitoring a new nurse. Which action of the new nurse would cause the experienced nurse to intervene?
1. Considering ways to decrease suicide risk of a suicidal patient
2. Referring an abused patient to a shelter
3. Providing a safe environment for a patient with Alzheimer's disease
4. Asking a patient to justify her behaviors |
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Definition
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