5 Steps of doing Research

Science wont answer ? without going thru 5 steps.

1. State Problem
2. Design the Research
3. Collect the Data
4. Analyze the Date

1st Step

State the Problem

*This is where we state the ? we want to do research on.

Includes a lg. # of important factors:

Theory, Proposition, Hypothesis, Concept & Variable

You have to come up w/a Theory you are going to use to explain that.

FYN: THEORIES COME from library research, scientific journals, (papers are people opinions)

2nd Step

Design of Research

We are talking about 2 fundemental issues:

Measurment & Sampling

3rd Step

Collecting Data

4th Step

Analysis

Talking about 2 things

1. Quality of Data
2. Statistal Analysis of Data

5th Step

Reaching Conclusions

                            EXPLANATION                                                                              (truth)

set of interrelated Propositions to explain Reality.

Reality is truth

FYN: Proposition is a statement that proposes 2 or more Concepts are related.

FYN: Concept is a definition w/no meaning

Proposition

(Theory)

FYN: Statement that 2 or more concepts are related

Ex. Parents & Bordom

Concept

(Theory)

FYN: definition w/no meaning

EX. Guy says I Love You (Scientific Language it has no meaning)

We want to make America better

moving things w/no meaning to

things w/meaning

Operationalisation

FYN:

Has 2 fundemental things you have to do:

1) Change Proposition to Hypothesis

2) Concepts to Variables

(failure to do any of those you are not doing research)

Variable

(Concept)

is a Clear cut specific measurement of a concept.

-to be a Variable you must do a measure that produces 2 or more responses.

-Must have a measurement that varies. It varies.

Ex. Stealing lipsticks

(Yes, no are 2 responses)

If everybody says the same thing it is not a _________

-If you get a lot of yes's & lot of no's you have Variation

Control Variable

(type of variable)

2 types

2. Antecedent - comes first in time
3. Intervening - it comes btwn you IV & DV

Dependant Variable

(type of variable)

Presumed Outcome

(you only have 1, you are out to explain 1 thing)

Variable that either comes first in time or later in time.

Ex. Gender - (it is Antecedent)

2nd Operationalisation

Concepts to Variables

Ex. doing research on who is drinking & driving, you have to measure drinking otherwise its a concept. (concept has no meaning)

It has to turned into a Variable

2nd Operationalize

Turn Propositions into Hypothesis

States how 2 or more variables are related

How & Variables are 2 key words

Operationalize

How is divided in 2 categories

1. Linear (3 types of Linear)
2. Curve Linear Hypothsis

Not a straight line, there is lots of curves

Ex. curve for education & income, as your education goes up your income goes up until you have a MA, every ur after that is declines. Indiv w/PHD make less money then indiv. w/MA

3 Types of Linear

(Hypothesis)

1. Null Hypothesis - tells how they are related, they are not related.
2. Direct - states as 1 variable goes up the next variable goes up or reverse
3. Inverse - if one goes up the other comes dwn. Going in Opposite Direction

Ex. How much money do you make w/different degrees.

Design Research

(5 steps of doign Research)

(Fund. ?)

How are you going to design a scientific study to answ. what ever the ? you go.

(People you select to be in your study are randomly selected.

Universe

(Design research)

Everybody without error

Ex. Population, - how many people in Gary or IUN

1. SRS - Simple Random
2. Systematic Random
3. Cluster Sample
4. Stratified Random

SRS - Simple Random Sample

Everybody has a = probability of being included.

-Results are exact

-Very costly

Ex. drum & pulling out #100,200,300, Also use a random table generator

Begins w/a random starting pt.

-Has a more error

-done quickly

-Cheaper

Every place in all world has been sub divided.

Instead of drawing indiv. you draw blocks.

Ex. Going & getting a list & that would where you would work from

You do not do SRS cause you want to save money.

Its done cause problem requires it.

Ex. Study of different Indian Tribes

or different classes in Highland

-Conclusions are your ________

-Simply asking a ? & getting variation in the answ.

-Ea. ? is a _______________

Most are ?'s that are put to people, they are asked something & the answer to their ? is the ________

 Ways of Collecting Data

1. Official Statistics - lists that are @ agencies, Data of persons

ex. gov. telephone, feds

2.Interview (2 types) - mechanism of asking people ?'s & getting answers.

Interview

(Collecting Data)

2 types

1. Personal Interview - You see interviewer

2.Inpersonal Interview - Done by phone, never see interviewer

Questionnaire

-Can be personal Inpersonal

4th technique of Collecting Data

Observation

2 types

-Participant Observation

-Non participant Observation

ex. Studying Herione Addicts

Questionaires

-Can be Personal or Inpersonal

4th technique Collecting Data

Observation

2 types

-Participant Observation

-Non Participant Observation - Ex. Herione Addicts

#1 - Completeness of Data

3 things we look @

1. Sample Mortality

Alaysis

(5 steps)

-1rst part is called Paul Avery Response

1rst type of Completeness - Sample Mortality - SM

(Completeness of Data)

-Come from area Research Design

When you did RD you did 2 things Measurement & Samples.

-You ask a ? you get a response.

Ex. Every time you lose a person you have SM

if you are doing research & you draw a sample of 500 people you got to get all 500

-When a person doe not response to a ? your data quality is going dwn

Ex. You ask highly sensitive ? to 1,027 people & you only get 72 answ.

#2 - Reliability

(there is 2 types)

*Inter Item Reliability - cross sectional research takes pace 1 time

*Test Re Test Reliability - comes from Logitudinal date (Long. Data means 2 or more times).  Ex. asking specific ?, should not change, sex - 3B - 37:35

Means its true

Ex. Any one who does the survey on a sensitive ? gets $500, measure of ________ is Lie Dector Test

Before I analyze Data

3 things you have to do

Staistics

(is a simple displine)

3 Types

1. Univerc - means 1 variable
2. Bi Varic -  2 variables - Ex. Sex against something, it has 2 variables.
3. Multi Varic -  more then 2

is a MODE

-MODE is the most commonly reoccurring Score.

Question or measurement is nominal & ranked.

Its a name & rank

Ex. In military you give your name, rank & serial #.

Name is Nominal

Rank is Oridinal Ex. fresh, sophmore, jr, senior

there is a order.

Serial # is Internal

Ex.  how old were you? Somebody fills in their age. Its a name, its a rank, It tells you how much more

Ans. ? How much more or how much less.

Conclusion

(story of med students)