Paolina Borghese as Venus

Canova

1810*

Neoclassical- part of Romanticism

Canova worked for Napoleon

Dematerialization: marble pillow looks like a real cushion

Life-size

Pauline was the sister of Napoleon

Napoleon at the Pesthouse at Jaffa

Gros

1805

 French Romanticism

Depicted a scene of Napoleon visiting his plague-stricken soldiers at Jaffa

It was an attempt to counter rumors he ordered for 50 incurable dying plague victims be given lethal doses of opium

Grand Odalisque

Ingres

1814

Romanticism

Signifies Ingres break from Neoclassicism to Romanticism

Odalisque: concubine

anatomically incorrect

Family of Charles IV

Goya

1800

Spanish Romanticism

Represented Goya's personal view of aristocracy

Modeled after Las Meninas

(Setting the royal family in naturalistic and public setting)

Third of May 1808

Goya

1814*

Spanish Romanticism

An overt, political statement

Focal point is of the man facing death, cloaked in light, the quintessential saccrificial lamb

Depicts the Spanish resistance to Napoleon's armies

Archetype of the horrors of war

Talks about the violence of war and the barbarism of humans against humans

Raft of the Medusa

Gericault

1818

French Romantic

Social and Political Statement

Depicts aftermath of the wreck of the medusa; cannibalism

Controversial star of the 1819 Paris Salon

Death of Sardanapalus

Delacroix

1826

French Romanticism

Based on the tale of Sardanapalus, the last king of Asyria

King willing to destroy all possessions, including people and luxury goods, in funeral pyre of gore and excess

Not hero like Horatti

 Controversial and polarizing in Paris Salon 1828

Liberty Leading the People

Delacroix

1830*

French Romanticism

Commemorates the July Revolution of overthrowing King Charles X

Personification of woman as liberty, holds flag of French Revolution

Lady Liberty: symbol of France

Jaguar Devouring a Hare

Bayre

1850

Romanticism

Natural/forces of nature

Atypical because it is of animals, and not humans

Abbey in the Oak Forest

Fredirich

1810

Northern Renaissance

The Divine in Nature

Demolished church with apse with dead trees and cemetery

Monks going to bury one of their brethren

Haywain

John Constable

1820*

Romanticism

Created so large to emphasize that landscape and nature are as important as anything else

Harmony of Humans and Nature

The Slave Ship

Turner

1840

British Romanticism

Depicts the slave ship throwing off their sick human cargo to get insurance money

Long titles to give you something to grasp in the whirls of color

Oxbow

Cole

1836

 American Romanticism

Founded the Hudson River School of Art with this painting

Love and focus of landscape

The Gleaners

Millet

1857

French Realism

Depicted the lower-class. Painted what he saw

Ennobled what people did

Gleaning was the lowest job you could have in France

Mostly single mothers and spinsters trying to support themselves

A Burial at Ornans

Courbet

1849*

French Realism

Emphasized the struggles and sorrows of life

Critics: "this could be any man's funeral in France"

Nameless, faceless, and no context as to who it was

Supporters: "this could be any man's funeral in France!"

Third Class Carriage

Daumier

1862

French Realism

Example of urban life

Spoke for the masses

In the Salon de Refuse

Represents the plight of the urban worker, and of women supporting themselves

Industrialization leads to people being able to commute to/from work via train/carriage

Luncheon on the Grass

Manet

1863*

Realism

Nude woman with two clothed men outdoors

Inspired by photography-- flash = harsh white rendering of the woman

Known prostitute who serviced artists

Known artists

Salon de Refusee: received the most press and criticism

Used old art as references for this piece

Criticized for its iconography, and for its lack of proportional understanding (see nymph)

Dressed in academic, modern clothes

[image]

Olympia

Manet

1863

Realism

Used the same model (prostitute) as LotG

Continues the trend of the reclining female nude

Compare to Venus of Urbino

Gross Clinic

Eakins

1875

American Realism

Eakins wants to know and understand anatomy-- applies to be a med student

Documents advancements in medicine

Daughters of Mr. Darley Boit

Sargent

1882

American Realism

Images of "Perfect" little girls in crisp pinafores (only the one on the left is interested)

Treated like his possessions

Sargent lived with his subjects while he painted them:

tells us their stories, not just what they looked like

Ophelia

Millais

1852

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

This style was loved by critic John Ruskin

Paints with meticulous realism, but not a realist, because he brings to life things in his head (i.e. a Shakespeare play)

Model was Elizabeth Siddle

Impression Sunrise

Monet

1872

Impressionism

Piece that named the impressionist movement

Was at the first impressionist exhibit, held at Nadar's studio

To be read in terms of how we complete the image

Rouen Cathedral

Monet

c. 1890

Impressionism

Dematerialization of subjects to light and color

Painted at different times of day to study the light

All about capturing a "moment"

Moulin de la Galette

Renoir

1876*

Impressionism

"Slice of Life" painting, capturing a moment

Fluid movement, rich form, and flickering light

Made En Plein Air 

French were inspired by Japanese Prints

Place du Theatre Francaise

Pissarro

1890

Impressionism

Painted bustling life of paris in many different weather scenes

 The only impressionist to show in all 8 impressionist shows

Brother would help him by stopping people on the street to paint

Ballet

Degas

1874

Impressionism

A behind-the-scenes look

Painted the ordinary

Eventually goes blind and needs to sculpt the figures out of clay and wax, and casted them in bronze (an example of non-fine-art material used in art)

Tons of studies of ballerinas

The Child's Bath

Cassatt

1890

Impressionist

Feminist and political statement in a world where you had to be connected to a man to get anywhere

Lots of color like other impressionists

Female American painter

Mother and Child Motif

Nocturn in Black and Gold

Whistler

1875

Impressionist

Involved in the "Aesthetic Movement"

Sues Ruskin over this piece, and won

Challenges the viewer

Sunday Afternoon at la Grande Jatte

Seurat

1884-1886*

Post-Impressionism

Pointillism/Divisionism

Eye optically blends the dots

Stressed color theory over the "polychrome messes" of the impressionists

Verticality of the trees also seen in the figures

Juxtaposes with Renoir's Galette

Mt. Saint Victoire

Cezanne

c. 1890

Post Impressionism

 Juxtaposes hatches of color to create a sense of space

Creates 3 dimensionality through color

Makes bad paintings in his youth-- becomes good after death of father

Dies the same year Picasso develops cubism

Vision After the Sermon

Gaugin

1888

Post-Impressionism

A "Sunday" painter, quits his job to go full-time

Becomes "interested in the superstitious beliefs of sinful people"

This scene is of Jacob wrestling the angel

Makes the ground red because he can

Eventually moves to Tahiti and paints figures there

Night Cafe

Van Gogh

1888

Post-Impressionism

Pushes color. Choice of color is subjective

Made during his Arles period

Lived with Gaugin who painted the same scene

Impasto technique: a thick use of paint

Fought with Gaugin, cut off his ear and gave it to Rochelle, his favorite prostitute

Wrote letters to Theo

Starry Night

 Van Gogh

1889*

Made during St. Remy period

Checked in and out of an insane asylum

Done multiple times in search of God

Checks out and moves to Aurel with Dr. Gache

At the Moulin Rouge

Toulouse-Lautrec

1892

Post-Impressionism

Short man

Concentrated his work on Paris nightlife

Painted himself in the background

Bad lighting in club=green face of woman

Painted prostitutes (had red hair)

Perfects the art of lithography, elevated Graphic Design to fine-art

Saturn Devouring His Children

Goya

1820

Dark/Black Period

Paintings were done on the walls of a “hell house” and they’re called the “black paintings”

Executed right on the wall with spoons, sticks, and the occasional paintbrush

Saturn is personified as a crazed human gnawing away at the bloody stump of one of his children

Painted them because he needed to get them out of his head

Cyclops

Redon

1898

Symbolism

One of the greatest Symbolist painters in Paris

Light palate leads to dreamlike atmosphere

Got rid of "sense and reason" in symbolism because they "blur your vision anyway" 

Sleeping Gypsy

Rousseau

1897

Symbolism

Explores Dreams

Nightscape

Had to imagine the desert

Painted jungles and deserts, yet never left paris

Surrealist before surrealism

The Scream

Munch

1893

Symbolsim

Suffered from schizophrenia

(Compare to Van Gogh Self-Portrait)

Ambiguous, gender-fluid person

The scream sound waves seem to reverberate in the background

Very powerful and neurotic art

Burghers of Calais

Rodin

c. 1880

Used reality instead of classical forms

Did this as a commission, but they didn't want it because of the realistic, not classical, figures

Completely revitalized the way sculpture was viewed. 

Restores Sculpture to its integrity it lost after the death of Michelangelo

Depicts men offering themselves to the british in exchange that they spare the rest of the town

Crafts with expression, and explores different responses to death in the figures

The most influential art critic of the time.

He loved JMW Turner, and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

Hated impressionism. His comment about Monet's piece named the movement

Whistler sued him for degrading the price of his piece, and won

Married to a woman named Effie. They never consummated their marriage, and she eventually fell in love with Millais. Ruscan granted her a divorce, they get married, and he still gives Millais good reviews. 

Ex. Monet's Impression Sunrise or Whistler's Nocturn in Black and Gold

An Art Style that translates to "In Plain Air" indicating that the artist would paint outside, often in rural areas, and paint what they saw. 

Ex. Renoir's Moulin de La Gallette

Started by Thomas Cole

A group of painters who shared a love and focus of landscape painting.

Began this with Cole's painting, "Oxbow"

A type of genre scene

painting that realistically depicts scenes of every day life

Captures a moment in the moving-picture of life

Ex. Moulin de la Galette

1863*

Group of artists who were denied acceptance to the Paris Salon. 

It marked the floodgates being opened for modern art

The pieces that showed were highly criticized, but forever changed the way artwork was seen

Ex. Manet's Luncheon on the Grass

An art movement following post-impressionism that changed painting from what people saw to what they imagined. 

Realism became less and less important as time went on due to the invention of the camera and the practice of photography

Ex. "The Cyclops" by Redon

A thick application of paint

Ex. Van Gogh's Night Cafe