Class A 

Surrounds high traffic airports

Class B Airspace

Each shelf is larger than the one beneath it

Class B Airspace

Must be cleared into this airspace and be

ready for denial of requested entry. 

Class B Airspace

You must have Mode-C Transponder and 2-way 

Communications to enter or overfly this airspace. 

Class B Airspace

Must have 3 miles of visibility and remain clear of 

clouds while operating in this airspace.

Class B Airspace

Student Pilots, unless specifically trained and endorsed

by their CFI under part 61.95 may not enter this airspace. 

Class B Airspace

[image] 4 main facts about Mode C

• Indicates aircraft entering must have Mode-C transponder 
• Surrounds most Class B Airspace 
• Extends 30NM from primary airport
• Verticle to 10,000' MSL 

Surrounds airports with moderate traffic and a control tower

Class C Airspace

This airspaces vertical boundary is typically 4,000' MSL

Class C Airspace

Class C Airspace

Has 2 Shelfs and a procedural outer boundary that begins at 20NM from the promary airport.

Class C Airspace

You must establish (ONLY) radio communications with ATC to enter these 2 airspaces.

• Class C
• Class D

VFR flights in Class C must have these weather minimums. 

3 miles of visibility, and fly an altitude at least 500 fee below, 1,000 feet above, and 2,000 feet laterally from clouds. (AIM 3-2-4.c.)

Speed limit within 4NM of Class C primary airport

Aircraft speeds must be below 200 knots (230 mph) at or below 2,500 feet (760 m) above the ground.

Class D aispace

This airspace is generally cylindrical in form and normally extends from the surface to 2,500'

Class D airspace

VFR flights in Class C and D airspace must have these three weather minimums.

3 miles of visibility 

500 feet below and 1,000 feet above clouds

2,000 feet laterally from clouds

You must make contact with ATC before entering these airspaces. 

Class C

Class D

Class E Airspace

extends from 1,200' AGL up to but not including 18,000' MSL

Class E aispace

What is the lower limit of Class A airspace

18,000' MSL

Class E surface based in dashed area. 

Class E at 700' MSL in vinetted area. 

All airspace above FL600 is 

Class E airspace

[image]

Airport with other than hard surface runway

[image]

Hard surface runway 1500' to 8069' 

------>[image]

Class G Airspace

Visibility requirements for Class G above 10,000'MSL

1,000' Below

1,000' Above

1 mile laterally

Vilibility for Class G airspace below 10,000' during the day/night. 

DAY: 1 Mile Visibility

NIGHT: 3 Mile Visibility

Class G below 10,000' cloud clearance minimums

500' below, 1,000' above, and 2,000' laterally

All activity within an alert area must be conducted in accordance with CFRs, without waiver, and pilots of participating aircraft as well as pilots transiting the area must be equally responsible for collision avoidance. (AIM 3-4-6)

Warning Area:

A warning area is airspace of defined dimensions, extending from three nautical miles outward from the coast of the U.S., that contains activity that may be hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft. The purpose of such warning areas is to warn nonparticipating pilots of the potential danger. A warning area may be located over domestic or international waters or both. (AIM 3-4-4)

Restricted Airspace: 

Entry into restricted areas is prohibited under certain conditions without a special clearance obtained from the controlling agency obtained directly or via ATC. Examples of restricted areas include test firing ranges and other military areas with special hazards or containing sensitive zones (such as the one over Groom Lake). (AIM 3-4-3)

Prohibited Airspace:

Entry into prohibited areas is forbidden under all circumstances, except for an emergency. Prohibited areas exist over a handful of extremely sensitive locations, such as the White House. (AIM 3-4-2)

Military Operations Area:

Military operation areas (MOA) are areas in which military activities are regularly conducted. No clearance is required to enter MOAs, but pilots should verify with ATC or Flight service station that no hazardous activity is underway before entering an MOA. (AIM 3-4-5) In the United States, civilian and military pilots have equal rights to MOA airspace, and both have equal responsibility to see and avoid other air traffic. MOAs serve as a warning, since military aircraft often fly at high speeds and are intentionally difficult to see.

National Security Airspace:

National Security Areas consist of airspace of defined vertical and lateral dimensions established at locations where there is a requirement for increased security and safety of ground facilities. Pilots are requested to voluntarily avoid flying through the depicted NSA.

CHECK NOTAMS WHEN FLYING NEAR ONE. 

VHF Omni Range (VOR)

VORTAC

VOR-DME

Abandoned Airport

Landmark Value

3000' or greater

Hard Surface Runways Longer than 8069'

[image]

Hard Surfaced Runways Longer than 8069' with colocated VOR/DME/VORTAC

Indicated approximate location of radio nav-aide is represented by the dot.

STANDARD TEMPERATURE

59°F

15°C

Standard Pressure

29.92 Inches of Mercury

Pressure Altitude

Altitude read from the Altimeter when the barometric subscale is set to 29.92 Inches of Mercury (standard pressure)

Center of Gravity

Point at which an aircraft or equipment would balance if suspended. 

C.G. Limits

The extreme C.G. locations within which an aircraft must be operated to remain safe. 

Standard Empty Weight

The weight of a standard airplane with unusable fuel, operating fluids, and engine oil.

Basic Empty Weight

The standard empty weight plus optional equipment 

Useful load

The difference between the max takeoff weight and the and the basic empty weight. 

Maneuvering Speed

V_a

Maximum Flap Extended Speed

V_fe

Maximum Structural Cruising Speed

V_no

Never Exceed Speed

N_ne

Stalling Speed or minimum steady flight speed

V_s

Stalling Speed or the minimum steady flight speed in the LANDING CONFIGURATION

V_so

Best Angle of Climb Speed

Vx

Best Rate of Climb Speed

Vy

V_Y

73 KIAS

V_X

65 KIAS

VSO

60 KIAS

VS

40 KIAS

V_NE

158 KIAS

V_NO

127 KIAS

V_FE

85 KIAS

V_{A (Range)}

2550lbs : 105

2150lbs : 95 

1750lbs : 85 

KIAS

KIAS 

Airspeed shown on the airspeed indicator and expressed in Knots. 

KTAS

Knots True Airspeed

Knots True Airspeed

Airspeed expressed in knots relative to the undisturbed air which is KCAS corrected for altitude and temperature

KCAS

Indicated airspeed corrected for position and instrument error and expressed in knots. 

KCAS=KTAS in standard temperature and pressure

Vacuum System Instruments

Attitude Indicator

Directional Gyro

Suction Gage

Pitot-Static Instruments

Airspeed Indicator

Rate of Climb Indicator

Altimeter

DC Electrical System Instruments

Turn Coordinator

Ammeter 

Clock

Landing Gear 

Tricycle Type

Tubular Spring Main Gear

Air/Oil strut type Nose Gear