Porifera (Sponges)  

1. Symmetry?

2. Germ Layers?

3. Example?

1. Asymmetrical 

2. Dipploblastic (2) --seperated by mesophyl (gelatinous)

3. Grantia cross sect. (pg 12 LM) 

Porifera (Sponge)

1. Cephalization?

2. Segmentation?

3.Exretory system?

1. --

2. No

3. -- Water exits through coelum.

Porifera (Sponges)

1. Support?

2. Body Cavity?

3. Circulatory system?

1. Skeletal Fibres: SPICULES (calcium carbonate)

SPONGIN (protien

2. Central Cavity

Osculum: large opening at end for water outflow

3. --

Porifera (Sponges)

1. Digestive system?

2. Reproductive system?

1. Some done by choanocytes, most by ameobocytes

2. Sequentially hermaphroditic, flagellated swimming larvae--->sessile adults

Porifera (Sponges)

Defensive measures?

Produce toxins to inhibit growth of competing sponges, bright colors to caution danger

Cnidaria

examples?

Jellyfish, sea anemones, corals

Cnidaria

1. Germ layers?

2. Nervous System?

3. Body Cavity?

1. Diloblastic

-epidermis (ecto) & Gastrodermis (endo)

+non-living mesoglea

2. nerve net associated with sensory structures around body

3. Gastrovascular cavity-mouth/anus opening

Cnideria

1. Symmetry?

2. Support?

3. Reproductive system? 

1. Radial

2. Contractile fibres from microfilaments

3. Sexual (asexual budding from polyp to medusa form)

Cnidaria

Polyp: Sessile, asexual, cylindric

Medusa: Motile, sexual, bell shaped

(flat worms)

classes: Turbellaria (free living)

Trematoda ("flukes" endoparasitic)

Cestoda (tapeworms, endoparasitic, scolex-hooks and suckers)

Monogenea (ectoparasitic)

Platyhelminthes

1. Digestive system?

2. Cephalization?

3. Symmetry?

1. Pharynx: digestive juices, then sucks up food into gastrovascular cavity for digestion, waste excreted through mouth.

2. Yes-light sensative eye-spots

3. Bilateral

Platyhelminthes

1. Germ layers?

2. Excretory system?

3. Circulatory system?

1. Triploblastic (endo, meso, ecto)

2. diffusion of ammonia, protonephridia=network of ciliated cell tubes

3. --

Platyhelminthes

1. Segmentation?

2. Body cavity?

3. Nervous system?

1. --

2. Acoelomates, gastrovascular cavity

3. Ganglia (clusters of nerve cells) at anterior end: sensory input via pair of ventral nerve cords

Platyhelminthes

1. Circulatory system?

2. Respiratory system?

3. Reproductive system?

1. --

2. Diffusion

3. Asexual fission (turbellaria)

Sexual hermaphrodites (tubellaria)

Proglottids in cestodes

Mullusca 

(Classes   (4))

Polyplacophora: Chitons

Gastropoda: Slug/ snail

Bivalvia: Clam, scallop

Cephalopoda: squid, octopus

Mullosca

1. Reproductive system?

2. Circulatory System?

3. Body cavity?

1. Gonads in visceral mass

2. Open--fluid called hemolymph gets pumped by heart through arteries

3. Coelomates

Mullosca

1. Germ layers?

2. Support?

3. Excretory system?

1. Triploblastic

2. softbody, some CaCO3 shell secreted by mantle

3. Nephridium-exretory organs removes waste from hemolymph. 

excretory pore housed in mantle cavity

Mullosca

1. Symmetery?

2. Cephalization?

3. Segmentation?

1. Bilateral

2. cephalization (chitons & cephalopods)

chemosensory organs (gastrobods and bivalves)

3. segmented.

Mullosca

1. Digestive system?

2. respiratory system?

3. Nervous system?

1. Stomach, radula to scrape food, digestive tract coiled in visceral mass, anus housed in mantle cavity

2. gills (ctenidia) in water, lungs (in mantle cavity) on land

3. 2 nerve cords

Mullusca

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polyplacophora (chitons)

8 dorsal plates

radula for scraping food

food for suction and locomotion

Mullusca

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Gastropoda

slug/snail

hermaphrodite

Torsion: shells, CNS

marine, FW, terrestrial

shell reduced or absent

symmetrical body

Mullusca

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Bivalvia

clam, scallop

no head or radula

marine/FW

paired gills

reduced head

flattened shell with 2 valves

Mullusca

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Cephalopda

squid, octopus

closed circ. system

ammonites are shelled

marine

head surrounded by tentacles with suckers

locomotion by jet propulsion

Annelida

Classes (3)

Polychaeta: parapodia with chaetae, free living, head, metamere, segmented, marine

Oligochaeta: (earth worms) no parapodia, reduced head, chaetae, few setae, FW and land, locomotion by paristalsis

Hirudinea: (leeches) no chaetae, hirudin=anti coagulant, FW, locomotion by flapping

Annelida

1. Symmetry?

2. Body cavity?

3. Circulatory system?

1. Bilateral

2. Coelomates, coelum partitioned by septa

3. Closed, dorsal and ventral blood vessels, 5 psuedohearts (7-11)

Annelida

1. Digestive system?

2. Support?

3. Cephalization?

1. Pharynx (anterior to crop) Crop (14&15) Gizzard (16-18)

2. Hydrostatic skeleton: muscle/coelem

3. Yes

Annelida

1. Germ layers?

2. Respiratory system?

3. Nervous system?

1. Triloblastic

2. Blood vessels-hemoglobin

3. 2 small ganglia, nerve ring (entire body length), segmental ganglia

Annelida

1. Excretory system?

2. Segmentation?

3. Symmetry?

1. Metanephridium with nephrostone

2. Segmented, surrounded by longtutudinal, then circular muscle. 

3. Bilateral

Nematoda

1. Germ layers

2. Circulatory System

3. Respiratory System

1. Triploblastic

2. Diffusion

3. Diffusion

Nematoda

1. Symmetry

2. Nervous System

3. Support

1. Bilateral

2. Ventral and Dorsal nerve cord. Sensory; (anterior-amphods, posterior-phasmids)

3. Tough cuticle, body walls -longitudinal muscles

Nematoda

1. Digestive system

2. Body cavity

3. Excretory System

1. Alimentary canal throughout body

2. psedocoelom-transports nutrients

3. Simple tubule canals, pore near mouth

Nematoda

1. Reproductive system?

2. Segmentation?

3. Cephalization?

4. environment?

1. Sexual-internal fertilization, distinct sexes

2. no

3. no

4. Free-living (aquatic and terrestriral)

or

Parsitic (trichinella spiralis-trichnosis)

Anthropoda

Subphylums (4)

Cheliceriformes: 1 or 2 main bodies

Myriapods: uniramous, 1 antennae, many body parts

Crustacea: biramous, 2 antanae, 2 or three main bodies

Hexapoda: uniramous, 3 main body parts

Antropoda

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Cheliceriformes

Claw like feeding appendiges (fangs), 6 pairs (chelicerae, pedipalps, walking.)

no antennae

marine and terrestral

Horseshoe crabs and arachnids

Anthropoda

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Myriapoda

/    \

?      ?

Chilipoda (centipedes): carnivores, 1 pr leg/seg

Millipoda (millipedes): Herbivores, 2 pr leg/seg

terrestrial, 2 tegmata;head&trunk, mouthpiece=mandibles

Anthropoda

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Crustacea

3+ pairs of legs

Isopod, decopod, copepoda

Anthropoda

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Hexapoda

Insecta

tympanum;

3 pairs of legs

2 pairs of wings

terrestrial

undergoe metamorphasis

Insecta 

ancestral--->derived traits 

+ examples

Presence of wings (held straight out)-dragonfly 

Wings fold over body - grasshopper

fore and hind wings differ - beetle

Mouth parts for lapping, sucking, piercing-bee

indirect development - butterfly

Echinodermata 

Classes (4)

Asteroidea (sea stars)

Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)

Echinoidea (sea urchins & sand dollars)

Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

Echinodermata

1.Germ layers?

2.Body Cavity?

3.Segmentation?

1. Triploblastic

2. Coelomates

3. No

Echinodermata

1. Support?

2. Nervous system?

3. Excretory system?

1. Thin epidermis surrounding the CaCO3 plates

2. Simple & radial, modified nerve net, no central brain but some ganglia

3. --

Echinodermata

1. Reproductive system?

2. Symmetry?

3. Digestive system?

1. Sexual: external fertilization

Asexual: regeneration

2. Larvae=bilateral, Adult=Pentaradial

3. Simple, complete tube gut (direct mouth-anus) & digestive glands , pharynx, stomach, intestine, and rectum/cloaca

Chordata (invertebrata)

Classes (2)

Urochordates; tunicates, sea squirts

(free swimming larvae, adult has notochord and nerve cord but no tail)

Cephalochordats; sea lancelets

Chordata (invertebrates)

1. Germ layers?

2. Circulatory system?

3. Respiratory system?

1. Triploblastic

2. Ventral heart

3. Pharyngeal gill slits

Chordata (invertebrates)

1. Cephalization?

2. Nervous system?

3. support?

1. no

2. dorsal hollow nerve cord

3. epidermis non-ciliated

Chordata (invertebrates)

1. Symmetry?

2. Reproductive system?

3. Body cavity?

1. Bilateral

2. Sexual

3. Coelomates

Chordata (invertebrata)

1. Digestive system?

2. Excretory system?

3. Segmentation?

1. Complete

2. Atriopore/excurrent siphon

3. Yes

Chordata (vertebrata)

1. Germ layers?

2. Cephalization?

3. Segmentation?

4. symmetry?

1. Triploblastic

2. Bilateral

3. Yes--skull

4. Bilateral

Chordata (vertebrata)

1. Reproductive system?

2. Support?

3. Nervous system?

1. Sexual

2. Endoskeleton of bone/cartilage

3. Dorsal hollow nerve chord

Chordata (vertebrata)

1. Circulatory system?

2. Excretory system?

3. Digestive system?

4. Respiratory system?

1. Chambered heart, hemoglobin

2. kidneys

3. Complete

4. Pharyngeal slits

Chordata

Craniate 

example?

Myxini (Hagfish) 

gives off slime as defense

no scales, soft skin

Chordata: Agnatha

/              \

myxini (craniate)     petromyzontida (vertebrate)

1. thermoregulation?

2. appendages?

3. Excretion?

4. Reproduction?

1. Extoderm

2. none

3. NH3

4. External

Chordata: Agnatha

/              \

myxini (craniate)     petromyzontida (vertebrate)

1. Respiration system?

2. Development?

3. Special features?

1. Nasal opening to pharynx, gills-7

2. Direct, no parental care 

(lamprey have larvae)

3. Cartilagenous skull

hagish have slime glands

lamprey have cone teeth

Chordata: Vertebrate:

Gnathostomes (jawed fish)

Condrichtyes (sharks & rays)

1.body covering?

2.thermoregulation?

3. Excretion?

1. Tough skin, placoid scales

2. ectoderm

3. Urea

Chordata: Vertebrate:

Gnathostomes (jawed fish)

Condrichtyes (sharks & rays)

1. Appendages?

2. Respiration system?

3. Reproduction?

1. paired fins, 5 fins/set

2. Through gills (5-7)

scales use spiracles

3. Internal Oviparous/ovoparous

Chordata: Vertebrate:

Gnathostomes (jawed fish)

Condrichtyes (sharks & rays)

1. Development?

2. Special features?

1. Direct, no parental care

2. Buoyant because of oil in liver, still would sink if they didn't swim

3. lateral line system

4. sensors on tip of nose to detect electrical pulses 

Chordata: Vertebrate:

Osteichthyans (bony fish)

Phylums      ?     ?

                       /\

                       ?   ?

Actinopterygii (ray finned fishes)

Sarcopterygii (lobe finned fish)

/                     \

actinistia (ceolacanths)  Dipnoi (lungfish)

Actinopterygii

1. body covering?

2. thermoregulation?

3. Appendages?

1. Flattened, bony scales

2. Ectoderm

3. Fins

Actinopterygii

1. Respiration?

2. Excretion?

3. Reproduction?

4. Development?

5. special features?

1. 4-5 gills with bony flap "operculum"

2. Kidney & urinary bladder-NH3

3. Internal

4. direct

5. Swim bladder for bouyancy

lateral line system

Vertebrate: Tetrapods: Amphibian

1. Excretory system?

2. Development?

3. Appendages?

1. Kidneys- urinary

bladder- cloaca

Larva-NH3

Adult -urea

2. Larva-aquaic gills

Adult-terrestrial, lungs, digestive system

3. Adult develops 4

Vertebrate: Tetrapods: Amphibian

1. Body covering?

2. Reproduction?

3. Thermoregulation?

4. Respiratory system?

1. Soft/porous skin, moist

2. External- in water

eggs- no shell

3. Ectoderm

4. Adult- lungs

moist skin gas exchange

oral cavity

Tetrapods: Amniotes: Reptile

1. Thermoregulation?

2. Excretory system?

3. Development?

1. Endoderm

2. Uric acid-excreted in feces, no urinary bladder

3. Within eggs

Tetrapods: Amniotes: Reptiles

1. Body covering?

2. Appendages?

3. Respiration system?

4. Special features?

1. Dry keratinized skin (impermeable)

2. 2 pairs

3. Pulmonary lungs

4. Control body temp through behaviour

Amniotes: Reptile: Aves

1. Body covering?

2. Respiration system?

3. Reproductive system?

1. Impermeable, feathers-keratin

2. Lungs and air sacs

3. Internal: one ovary 

Amniotes: Reptiles: Aves

1. Development?

2. Thermoregulation?

3. Excretory system?

1. Within eggs

2. Endoderm

3. Uric acid, excreted in feces, no urinary bladder

Amniotes: Reptile:Aves

1. Special features?

-Hollow bones

-advanced vision and hearing

-4 chambered hearts

-larger and more complex brains

Amniotes: Mammalia

1. body covering?

2. Appendages?

3.Thermoregulaton?

4. Reproduction?

1. Impermeable, underlying fat layer, hair

2. 2 pairs

3. Endoderm

4. Internal

Amniotes: mammalia

1. Exretory system?

2. Respiration system?

3. Special features?

1. Uric acid

2. Pulmonary lungs-diaphragm

3. Mammary glands

Amniotes: Mammalia

development?  

(3 types)

1. Monotremes (platypus & echidna): lay eggs in female pouch, no nippes, milk from fur, no placenta

2. Marsupials (Opossums, kangaroos, koalas): Complete dvlpt in pouch, no placenta

3. Eutherians: Placental

2 layers of cells seperated by mesophyl (gelatinous region)

usually asymetrical

skeleton of suppor fibres: spicules/spongin

Porifera

The current is maintained by specialized flagellated cells (choanocytes) that line the passage ways and are responsible for trapping microscopic food particles brought in by the current.

Jelly fish, sea anemones, and corals belong to this phylum

Cnidaria

Marine carnivores with wide distribution, except reef-building corals that are limited to the tropics.

At what point on the phylogenetic tree do species gain a third germ layer

(become triploblastic?)

What is this layer called?

Phylum: Platyhelminthes (flat worms)

Mesoderm

Protostomes                   Deuterostomes

Spiral and determinate     Radial indeterminate

cleavage                           cleavage

Mesoderm forms coelem  archenteron forms coel.

Mouth dvps from blastopore   Anus dvpls from bp

Define: Coelem

When do these appear in evolution?

Classes and characteristics of 

MULLUSCA

Polyplacophora: marine, shell w/ 8 plates, foot locomotion

Gastropoda: marine/FW/terristrial, symmetrical body, shell reduced/ absent

Bivalvia: Marine/FW, flattened shell w/2 valves, no radula, paired gills

Cephalopoda: marine, tentacles, jet propulsion

Variation in tissues? (Germ layers)

Variation in body cavity?

Emetazoan embryos may be diploblastic or triploblastic

In triploblastic, a body cavity may be present or absend. It can be a pseudocoelom (derived from both mesoderm and endoderm) or a true coelom (only endoderm)

In a sponge, what is the "Mesophyl"?

Most marine, some freshwater, few terrestrial, predators and scavengers, body surface ciliates

mouth is on tip of muscular pharynx which excretes digestive juices onto prey and then sucks food into gastrovsacular cavity

Digestion is completed by cells within GV cav which have fine subbranches to cover more s.a.

Undigested waste are excreted through the mouth

Tapeworms

Parasites of vertebrates; scolex attaches to host, proglottids produce eggs and break off after fertilization; no head or digestive system; life cycle with one or more intermediate hosts.

Most marine, few FW, both polyp and medusa stages, polyp stage often COLONIAL

looks like stems with little fluffs on top, grow in groups (colonies)

All marine; polyp stage absent or reduced; free swimming; medusae up to 2m in diameter

sea jellies, bioluminesent, arms transport food to mouth

All marine; BOX shaped medusae, complex eyes, potent venom

sea wasp, poison more potent then cobra venom

All marine, medusa stage completely absent; most sessile; many colonial

Sea anemones, secrete a hard external skeleton of calcium carbonate

each generation builds on the skeletal remains of earlier generations ---> corals

Describe TORSION

in gastropods

Developmental process,  

as embyo develops, its visceral mass rotates up to 180 degrees, causing the animals anus and mantle cavity to wind up above its head. 

After torsion, some organs that were bilateral may be reduced in size, while others may be lost on one side of the body. 

Marine; shell with 8 plates; food used for locomotion; radule-no head

chitons

suctioned to rocks by muscular foot, oval shaped, unsegmented body. 

Marine, FW, or terrestrial, head present; symmetrical body, usually with a coiled shell; shell reduced or absent; food for locomotion; radula. 

snails, slugs

move by rippling motion of foot, leave slime trail.

Marine and FW, flattened shell with 2 valves, head reduved, paired gills, no radula, most suspension feeders; mantle forms siphons

clams, oysters, mussels, scallops. 

Marine; head surrounded by grasping tentacles usually with suckers, shell can be external , internal, or absent; mouth with or without radula; locomothion by jet propulsion using siphon formed from foot.

Squid, octopuses, cuttlefish, chambered natiluses

Reduced head; no parapodia, chatae present

Fresh water, marine, and terrestrial

segmented worm

common earthworm

They are hermaphrodites, but they cross fertalize. 

They mate by aligning themselves in opposite directions so they exchange sperm

IT secretes a cocoon of mucous which slides along the worm, picking up eggs and then the stored sperm. The cocoon then slips of the worms head and remains in the soil while the embryo develops. 

The clitellum is found on the 23rd segment from the anterior end. 

Many have well-developed head; each segment usually has parapodia with many chaetae;free living.

mostly marine and segmented worms. 

inc. christmas tree worm

Body usually flattened, with reduced ceolom and segmentation, chaetae usually absent, suckers at anterior and posterior ends; parasites, predators, and scavengers

leeches. (FW&marine, two secretions one is an anticoagulant and one a local anthistetic.)

In which segments do the 5 pairs of 'pseudohearts' lie in oligochytes?

In which segments would you find the a)seminal vessicles? b)recepticals? c)ovaries?

in segments 7-11

a) segments 10&11

b) segments9&10

c)segment 13

Trichinella spiralis, a nematode.

aqcuired by eating undercooked pork or other meat that has juvenile worms encrusted in nerve tissue.

Body having one or two main parts, six pairs of appendages (chelicera, pedipalps, and 4 pairs of walking legs) mostly terrestrial or marine

horseshoe crabs, spiders, scopions, ticks, mites

Distinct head bearing antennae and chewing mouthparts;terrestrial;

millipedes and centipedes

pedipalps: sensing, feeding, or reproduction

chelicerae: equipped with poison glands, used to attack prey. 

What are the functions of the tube feet in echinoderms?

Why are echinoderms not 'truly radial'

Locomotion, feeding , and gas echange.

The opening (madreporite) of the vascular system is not central but shifted to one side.

Chordates have a _________ and a dorsal, hollow nerve chord.

____________ are chordates with a head.

notochord

craniates

Vertebrates are craniates that have a __________.

______________ are vertebrates that have jaws.

backbone

gnathastomes

_________ are gnathostomes that have limbs.

Amniotes are __________ that have __________________.

Tetrapods.

tetrapods, terrestrially adapted (amniotic) egg

Mammals are amniotes that _______ ______ & __________ __________.

Humans are mammals that have a _______ _______ & __________ ________.

have hair, produce milk

large brain, bipedal locomotion

1. Notochord; longtitunal, flexible rod for skeletal support

2. Dorsal, hollow nerve chord; develops into the central nervous system, brain and spinal chord

3. Pharyngeal slits of clefts; allow water to exit body without passing digestive tract, som modified for gas exchange

4. Muscular, post anal tail; Helps propulsion in water

their blade like shape.

they closesly resemble an idealized chordate.

They lost 4 hox genes (from 13 to 9) indicating unusual developmental program.

They resemble chordates in their very short lived larval stage, but then undergoes radical metamorphasis into adut form.

When did the mineralization of cartilege begin in evolution?

What is hypothesized to have initiated this process?

After lampreys diverged form other vertebrates

that minerilization was associated with a transition in feeding mechanisms. That mineralization started in the mouth. Only in more derived vertebrates did the endoskeleton start to mineralize, starting with the skull.

Gnathastomes are vertebrates that have ______.

Why is it hypothesized that these evolved?

jaws

by modification of the skeletal rods that had previously supported the anterior pharyngeal slits.

Paired fins and tail allowed them to chase efficiently after prey.

Jaws enabled them to grab prey or simply bite of chunks of flesh.

Define Ovoviviporous

and Viviporous

and Oviporous

1. They retain fertilized eggs in the oviduct. Nourished by yolk, embryos develop into young that are born after hatching in the uterous

2. The young develop within the mothers uterus and recieve nutrients from the mothers blood in the yolk sac placenta

3. reproducing by external fertilization after eggs have been layed