Term
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Definition
| constantly cruising around looking for cells that are somehow wrong or have a glycoprotein surface that doesn't look like a normal situation and attack them |
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Term
| What do natural Killer cells trigger? |
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Definition
| apoptosis in the cells they attack, programmed cell death (example of pcd, kills cell between fingers so you don't have webbed fingers) |
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Term
| In acquired immunity, what responds to antigens? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| any foreign molecule (antibody generator), it is specifically recognized by lymphocytes and elicits response from them |
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Term
| What are the two main types of lymphocytes that circulate through the blood? |
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Definition
| B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| antigenic determinant: the site on the surface of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself |
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Term
| how many antigen receptors does each cell have? |
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Definition
| about 100, 000 that all recognize the same epitope |
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Term
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Definition
| make antibodies... B comes from bone |
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Term
| Each T cell receptor consists of ____ |
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Definition
| two different polypeptide chains |
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Term
| T cells bind to small fragments of antigens, what are these fragments bound to? |
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Definition
| MHC molecules - which are encoded by a family of genes called the major histocompatibility complex |
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Term
| What is antigen presentation? |
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Definition
| When cells are infected, antigen fragments bind to MHC molecules then are transported to the cell surface so that a nearby T cell can detect the antigen fragment displayed on the cell's surface |
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Term
| What are the two classes of MHC molecules? |
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Definition
Class I - more universal
Class II - more specific in where they are located |
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Term
| What does the T in T cells come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Will all lymphocytes be used in the body? |
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Definition
| No, most lymphocytes will never be used because they won't come in contact with the foreign thing they are programmed for |
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Term
| Where are class I MHC molecules found? |
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Definition
All cells with nuclei have class I MHC molecules (skin for example),
They display peptide antigens to cytotoxic T cells, one that has a specific receptor for that antigen so that a T cell will kill it. |
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Term
| Where are class II MHC molecules found? |
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Definition
| mostly on dendritic cells, macrophages (which gobble them up and break them down but they keep some to present to the helper T cells), or on B cells |
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Term
| Where do lymphocytes arise from? |
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Definition
| stem cells in the bone marrow |
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Term
| What happens to lymphocytes bearing receptors for antigens already present in the body? |
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Definition
| they are destroyed by apoptosis or rendered nonfunctional |
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Term
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Definition
| the first time you see something foreign after it gets past innate immune system |
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Term
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Definition
induction of lymphocyte poliferation and differentiation --> selection one type of lymphocyte and replicating it at the expense of all the other lymphocytes
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Term
| the two branches of acquired immunity |
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Definition
| the humoral immune response and the cell-mediated immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| activation and clonal selection results in production of secreted antibodies |
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Term
| cell-mediated immune response |
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Definition
| activation and clonal selection of cytotoxic T cells |
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Term
| What to neutrophils and monocytes produce? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Out of neutrophils and monocytes, which one presents antigens? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do Helper t cells produce? |
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Definition
| CD4, a surface protein that enhances the binding to class II MHC-antigen complexes on antigen-presenting cells |
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Term
| What do cytotoxic T cells make? |
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Definition
CD8, surface protein that greatly enhances interaction between a target cell and a cytotoxic T cell
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|
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes that will break things down |
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Term
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Definition
| perforate host membranes to make pores in the surface of the cell so that granzymes can git in and break everything down |
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Term
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Definition
binds to antigens more tightly than other isotypes
fetal immunity: meaning IgG can pass across the placenta, and enters fetal circulation for immune protection (very important to the fetus in the first 3 months of pregnancy) |
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Term
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Definition
-agglutination of bacteria and viruses
-Opsonization: helps phagocytosis by cells with Fc receptor
-Neutralization: Hinder virus' ability to attach to receptors on host cells
-Mucosal protection: mainly by IgA (some by IgG) inhibits pathogens from attaching to mucosal surfaces |
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Term
| What immunoglobins are specific to primary and secondary response? |
|
Definition
| IgM for primary and IgG for secondary response |
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Term
| What do specific Igs protect against? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most effective type of antiviral Ig? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
they are crucial in the clearance of a virus but some cases of tissue destruction from CTL is more damaging than the virus itself |
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Term
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Definition
| hypersensitive or exaggerated responses to certain antigens called allergens |
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Term
| What happens with localized allergies? |
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Definition
| antibodies produced after the first exposure to an allergen attach to receptors on mast cells, the next time the body encounters the allergen it binds to those mast cells which then release histamine which causes vascular changes and typical symptoms |
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Term
|
Definition
| a whole-bdoy, life-threatening reaction that can occur within seconds of exposure to an allergen |
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Term
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Definition
| an autoimmune disease that leads to damage and painful inflammation of the cartilage and bone of joints |
|
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Term
| inborn/primary immunodeficiency |
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Definition
| results from hereditary or congenital defects that prevent proper functioning of immune defenses |
|
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Term
| acquired or secondary immunodeficiency |
|
Definition
| results from exposure to various chemical and/or biological agents |
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Term
|
Definition
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
highly susceptible to opportunistic infections and cancers that take advantage of an immune system in collapse
arises from loss of helper T cells |
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Term
|
Definition
Human immunodeficiency virus
40 million infected
most effective drug is unaffordable ($12,000 per year)
Infects helper T cells, and shows a progressive decline of helper T cells
patient progresses towards AIDS |
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