Term
| What is external respiration? |
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Definition
| a sequence of events involved in the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the external environment and cellular mitochondria |
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Term
| What is internal respiration? |
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Definition
| intracellular metabolic processes carried out within the mitochondria (uses O2 and produces CO2 for energy production) |
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Term
| External respiratory processes must meet the demands of ____, ________, and ______ through _______ and _______. |
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Definition
| size, metabolism, habitat, diffusion, bulk transport |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of the entire medium carrying the molecule of interest for faster transport |
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Term
| What does Fick's law calculate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the equation for Fick's law? |
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Definition
- rate of diffusion (Q) = change in P x A x D/ change in X
- D: the diffusion constant
- A: the surface area for gas exchange
- change in P: the gas gradient
- change in X: the distance the gas must cover
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Term
| What is partial pressure? |
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Definition
| individual presssure exterted independently by a particular gas within a mixture of gases; expressed as Pgas |
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Term
| What gases make up the atmosphere? |
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Definition
- 79% nitrogen
- 21% oxygen
- CO2 and H2O
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Term
| What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much pressure does each gas molecule exert? |
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Definition
| the same amount of pressure as other molecules |
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Term
| What is the partial pressure of nitrogen at sea level? |
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Definition
| 79% of 760 mm Hg = 600 mm Hg |
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Term
| What is the partial pressure of oxygen at sea level? |
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Definition
| 21% of 760 mm Hg = 160 mm Hg |
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Term
| What is the partial pressure of CO2 at sea level? |
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Definition
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Term
| Gases dissolved in water or blood exert a ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the amount of gas dissolved in water or blood depend on? |
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Definition
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Term
| Because the solubilities of O2 and CO2 in the body fluids remains constant and there is a constant temperature, the amount of O2 and CO2 dissolved in body fluid is directly proportional to ambient ___ and ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| More gas can dissolve in water when the water is (warmer/colder). |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of breathing? |
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Definition
| tidal breathing and flow through breathing |
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Term
| What is tidal breathing? Give an example of a tidal breather. |
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Definition
| medium moves in and out through the same opening; involves inhilationg and exhalation; human |
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Term
| What is flow through breathing? Give an example of a flow through breather. |
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Definition
| moveemnt of medium in one opening and out to a separate exit; fish |
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Term
| What are the four major steps of external respiration? |
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Definition
- ventilation or external bulk transport
- external or respiratory surface diffusion
- circulation of internal bulk transport
- cellular or tissue diffusion
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Term
| What happens during step one of external respiration (ventilation or external bulk transport)? |
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Definition
| movement of respiratoy gases in the external medium |
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Term
What happens during step two of external respiration (external of respiratory surface diffusion)?
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Definition
| exchange of O2 and CO2 by simple diffusion across a respiratory surface |
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Term
| What happens during step three of external respiration (circulation of external bulk transport)? |
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Definition
| circulation of O2 and CO2 by internal circulation |
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Term
| What happens during step four of external respiration (cellular or tissue diffusion)? |
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Definition
| exchange of O2 and CO2 between the tissues and circulatory fluids by diffusion |
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Term
| What is the PO2 in the lungs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is PO2 in the venous blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is PO2 in the arterial blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| Vertebrate air breathers use ___________ to conduct air between the atmosphere and the gas exchange surface is the ______. |
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Definition
| respiratory airways, lung |
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Term
| Name the order in which air gets from the air to the alveoli. |
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Definition
| nasal passage, pharynx (throat), trachea (wind pipe), bronchi (main branch in lung), bronchioles (smaller branches), alveoli |
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Term
| What is the primary function of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| to obtain O2 for use by the body's cells and eliminate CO2 that cells produce |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| part of the neck and throat situated immediately behind the mouth and nasal cavity and superior to the oesophagus, larynx and trachea |
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Term
| What is the structure of an alveoli like? |
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Definition
| it is a hollow cavity and are spherical outcroppings of the brochioles |
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Term
| Alveoli are the primary sites of _________ with the blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| Alveoli are particular to _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three major types of cells in the alveolar walls (pneumocytes)? |
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Definition
| Type I, Type II, and macrophages |
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Term
| What are Type I alveolar cells? |
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Definition
| cells that form the structure of the alveolar wall |
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Term
| What are Type II alveolar cells? |
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Definition
| they secrete pulmonary surfactant |
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Term
| What is the function of pulmonary surfactant? |
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Definition
| to lower the surface tension of water and allows the membrane to separate thereby increasing the capability to exchange gases |
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Term
| Surfactant is continually released by ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of macrophages in the alveoli? |
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Definition
| they destroy foreign material such as bacteria |
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Term
| What is the function of pores of Kohn? |
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Definition
| they pemit airflow between adjacent alveoli (collateral ventilation) |
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Term
| Why is surfactant so impotant in the alveoli? |
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Definition
| because the surface tension created by the water could cause the alveoli to collapse |
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Term
| What is the pleural cavity? |
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Definition
| a body cavity that contains the lungs |
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Term
| The lungs are surrounded by ______________. |
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Definition
| two serous membranes, the pleurae |
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Term
| What is the outer pleura called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the outer pleura? |
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Definition
| it covers and is attached to the chest wall |
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Term
| What is the inner pleura called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the inner pleura? |
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Definition
| i covers and is attached to the lung and other structures (ex: blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves) |
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Term
| What is the pleural space? |
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Definition
| it is a space between the inner and outer pleura which normally contains a small amount of pleural fluid which helps to lubricate between the two |
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Term
| What are the three main functions of pleural fluid? |
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Definition
- to lubricate
- to provide surface tension
- to transmit pressures
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Term
| How does pleural fluid lubricate? |
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Definition
| it lubricates the pleural surfaces and allows the pleural layers to slide against each other easily during ventilation |
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Term
| How does pleural fluid provide surface tension? |
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Definition
| it provides surface tension which keeps the lung surface in close apposition with the chest wall. This allows optimal inflation of alveoli during respiration |
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Term
| How does pleural fluid transmit pressure? |
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Definition
| it transmits pressure from the chest wall to the visceral pleural surface (and hence, the lung). Therefore, movements of the chest wall during breathing are coupled closely to movements of the lungs |
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Term
| What causes brisket disease? |
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Definition
| pulmonary hypertension at high altitudes |
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Term
| When we inhale, the diaphragm goes (up/down). When we exhale, the diaphragm goes (up/down). |
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Definition
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Term
| What does dead space have to do with respiration? |
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Definition
| the lung does not empty with each breath, therefore, inspired air is diluted by "dead space" air. As a result, oxygen concentration in the lungs is not as high as in inspired air |
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Term
| What is the atmospheric pressure of Ft. Collins? |
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Definition
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Term
| Gases move down ____________. |
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Definition
| partial pressure gradients |
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Term
| In air breathers, O2 enters the blood and CO2 leaves the blood ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is PCO2 in the lungs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the PCO2 in arterial blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the PCO2 in venous blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is PH2O in the lungs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a unoque type of breathing that happens in most vertebrates? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does skin breathing occur? |
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Definition
| it happens because of the partial pressure difference between the skin and the atmosphere |
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Term
| With regards to Fick's law, what is the only variable we can control? |
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Definition
| the surface area for gas exchange because we can inhale deeper, increasing the surface area |
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Term
| When there is increased blood supply to a pulmonary capillary, what happens with regards to surface area? |
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Definition
| stretching increases which increases the surface area |
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Term
| Gas exchange across systemic capillaries also occurs down ______________. |
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Definition
| partial pressure gradients |
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Term
| Most O2 in many animal circulatory systems is transported bound to respiratory pigments _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of myoglobin? |
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Definition
| it stores oxygen in aerobic muscle and may facilitate diffusion from the blood to mitochondria |
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Term
| What is the primary factor that determines the amount of hemoglobin saturation? |
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Definition
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Term
| As PO2 drops, the percent of O2 saturation (increases/decreases). |
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Definition
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Term
| By acting as a storage depot, what does hemoglobin promote? |
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Definition
| net transfer of O2 from the alveoli to the blood |
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Term
| Does oxygen bound to hemoglobin contribute to the concentration gradient between the lungs and blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What factors favor unloading of O2? |
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Definition
- increased CO2
- acidity
- temperature
- organic phosphates
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How much of oxygen in the blood is bound to hemoglobin? Where is the rest? |
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Definition
| 98.5%; dissolved in the plasma |
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Term
| What are the three ways in which CO2 is tranported in the blood? How much CO2 is transported by each of these mechanisms? |
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Definition
- as bicarbonate (60%)
- bound to hemoglobin (25-30%)
- dissolved in the plasma (10%)
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Term
| How is bicarbonate from CO2 formed? |
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Definition
| the CO2 binds with H2O (due to the enzyme in the red blood cells called carbonic anhydrase) |
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Term
| What is hemoglobin that has CO2 bound to it called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What four abnormalities in blood-gas levels? |
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Definition
- hypoxic hypoxia
- anemic hypoxia
- curculatory hypoxia
- histotoxic hypoxia
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Term
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Definition
| it is a respiratory malfunction involving inadequate gas exchange; high altitude for air breathers |
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Term
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Definition
| reduced O2 carrying capacity of the blood; decrease in RBCs, hemoglobin, or hemoglobin poisoning |
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Term
| What is circulatory hypoxia? |
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Definition
| too little oxygenated blood is delivered to the tissues |
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Term
| What is hystotoxic hypoxia? |
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Definition
| normal O2 delivery to tissue, tissue is unable to use them; cyanide poisoning blocks enzymes fro the electron transport chain |
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