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13. Respiration
N/A
89
Physiology
Undergraduate 2
10/25/2012

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Cards

Term
What is external respiration?
Definition
a sequence of events involved in the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the external environment and cellular mitochondria
Term
What is internal respiration?
Definition
intracellular metabolic processes carried out within the mitochondria (uses O2 and produces CO2 for energy production)
Term
External respiratory processes must meet the demands of ____, ________, and ______ through _______ and _______.
Definition
size, metabolism, habitat, diffusion, bulk transport
Term
What is bulk transport?
Definition
the movement of the entire medium carrying the molecule of interest for faster transport
Term
What does Fick's law calculate?
Definition
rate of diffusion (Q)
Term
What is the equation for Fick's law?
Definition
  • rate of diffusion (Q) = change in P x A x D/ change in X
  • D: the diffusion constant
  • A: the surface area for gas exchange
  • change in P: the gas gradient
  • change in X: the distance the gas must cover
Term
What is partial pressure?
Definition
individual presssure exterted independently by a particular gas within a mixture of gases; expressed as Pgas
Term
What gases make up the atmosphere?
Definition
  • 79% nitrogen
  • 21% oxygen
  • CO2 and H2O
Term
What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level?
Definition
760 mm Hg
Term
How much pressure does each gas molecule exert?
Definition
 the same amount of pressure as other molecules
Term
What is the partial pressure of nitrogen at sea level?
Definition
79% of 760 mm Hg = 600 mm Hg
Term
What is the partial pressure of oxygen at sea level?
Definition
21% of 760 mm Hg = 160 mm Hg
Term
What is the partial pressure of CO2 at sea level?
Definition
.03 mm Hg
Term
Gases dissolved in water or blood exert a ___________.
Definition
partial pressure
Term
What does the amount of gas dissolved in water or blood depend on?
Definition
solubility of the gas
Term
Because the solubilities of O2 and CO2 in the body fluids remains constant and there is a constant temperature, the amount of O2 and CO2 dissolved in body fluid is directly proportional to ambient ___ and ______.
Definition
PO2 and PCO2
Term
More gas can dissolve in water when the water is (warmer/colder).
Definition
colder
Term
What are the two types of breathing?
Definition
tidal breathing and flow through breathing
Term
What is tidal breathing? Give an example of a tidal breather.
Definition
medium moves in and out through the same opening; involves inhilationg and exhalation; human
Term
What is flow through breathing? Give an example of a flow through breather.
Definition
moveemnt of medium in one opening and out to a separate exit; fish
Term
What are the four major steps of external respiration?
Definition
  • ventilation or external bulk transport
  • external or respiratory surface diffusion
  • circulation of internal bulk transport
  • cellular or tissue diffusion
Term
What happens during step one of external respiration (ventilation or external bulk transport)?
Definition
movement of respiratoy gases in the external medium
Term

What happens during step two of external respiration (external of respiratory surface diffusion)?

 

Definition
exchange of O2 and CO2 by simple diffusion across a respiratory surface
Term
What happens during step three of external respiration (circulation of external bulk transport)?
Definition
circulation of O2 and CO2 by internal circulation
Term
What happens during step four of external respiration (cellular or tissue diffusion)?
Definition
exchange of O2 and CO2 between the tissues and circulatory fluids by diffusion
Term
What is the PO2 in the lungs?
Definition
100 mm Hg
Term
What is PO2 in the venous blood?
Definition
40 mm Hg
Term
What is PO2 in the arterial blood?
Definition
100 mm Hg
Term
Vertebrate air breathers use ___________ to conduct air between the atmosphere and the gas exchange surface is the ______.
Definition
respiratory airways, lung
Term
Name the order in which air gets from the air to the alveoli.
Definition
nasal passage, pharynx (throat), trachea (wind pipe), bronchi (main branch in lung), bronchioles (smaller branches), alveoli
Term
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
Definition
to obtain O2 for use by the body's cells and eliminate CO2 that cells produce 
Term
What is the trachea?
Definition
the wind pipe
Term
What is the pharynx?
Definition
part of the neck and throat situated immediately behind the mouth and nasal cavity and superior to the oesophagus, larynx and trachea
Term
What is the structure of an alveoli like?
Definition
it is a hollow cavity and are spherical outcroppings of the brochioles
Term
Alveoli are the primary sites of _________ with the blood.
Definition
gas exchange
Term
Alveoli are particular to _____________.
Definition
mammalian lungs
Term
What are the three major types of cells in the alveolar walls (pneumocytes)?
Definition
Type I, Type II, and macrophages
Term
What are Type I alveolar cells?
Definition
cells that form the structure of the alveolar wall
Term
What are Type II alveolar cells?
Definition
they secrete pulmonary surfactant 
Term
What is the function of pulmonary surfactant?
Definition
to lower the surface tension of water and allows the membrane to separate thereby increasing the capability to exchange gases 
Term
Surfactant is continually released by ___________.
Definition
exocytosis
Term
What is the function of macrophages in the alveoli?
Definition
they destroy foreign material such as bacteria
Term
What is the function of pores of Kohn?
Definition
they pemit airflow between adjacent alveoli (collateral ventilation)
Term
Why is surfactant so impotant in the alveoli?
Definition
because the surface tension created by the water could cause the alveoli to collapse 
Term
What is the pleural cavity?
Definition
a body cavity that contains the lungs 
Term
The lungs are surrounded by ______________.
Definition
two serous membranes, the pleurae
Term
What is the outer pleura called?
Definition
parietal pleura
Term
What is the outer pleura?
Definition
it covers and is attached to the chest wall
Term
What is the inner pleura called?
Definition
visceral pleura 
Term
What is the inner pleura?
Definition
i covers and is attached to the lung and other structures (ex: blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves)
Term
What is the pleural space?
Definition
it is a space between the inner and outer pleura which normally contains a small amount of pleural fluid which helps to lubricate between the two
Term
What are the three main functions of pleural fluid?
Definition
  • to lubricate
  • to provide surface tension
  • to transmit pressures
Term
How does pleural fluid lubricate?
Definition
it lubricates the pleural surfaces and allows the pleural layers to slide against each other easily during ventilation
Term
How does pleural fluid provide surface tension?
Definition
it provides surface tension which keeps the lung surface in close apposition with the chest wall. This allows optimal inflation of alveoli during respiration
Term
How does pleural fluid transmit pressure?
Definition
it transmits pressure from the chest wall to the visceral pleural surface (and hence, the lung). Therefore, movements of the chest wall during breathing are coupled closely to movements of the lungs
Term
What causes brisket disease?
Definition
pulmonary hypertension at high altitudes
Term
When we inhale, the diaphragm goes (up/down). When we exhale, the diaphragm goes (up/down).
Definition
down, up
Term
What does dead space have to do with respiration?
Definition
the lung does not empty with each breath, therefore, inspired air is diluted by "dead space" air. As a result, oxygen concentration in the lungs is not as high as in inspired air
Term
What is the atmospheric pressure of Ft. Collins?
Definition
639 mm Hg
Term
Gases move down ____________.
Definition
partial pressure gradients 
Term
In air breathers, O2 enters the blood and CO2 leaves the blood ___________.
Definition
passively
Term
What is PCO2 in the lungs?
Definition
40 mm Hg
Term
What is the PCO2 in arterial blood?
Definition
40
Term
What is the PCO2 in venous blood?
Definition
46
Term
What is PH2O in the lungs?
Definition
47
Term
What is a unoque type of breathing that happens in most vertebrates?
Definition
skin breathing
Term
Why does skin breathing occur?
Definition
it happens because of the partial pressure difference between the skin and the atmosphere 
Term
With regards to Fick's law, what is the only variable we can control?
Definition
the surface area for gas exchange because we can inhale deeper, increasing the surface area
Term
When there is increased blood supply to a pulmonary capillary, what happens with regards to surface area?
Definition
stretching increases which increases the surface area
Term
Gas exchange across systemic capillaries also occurs down ______________.
Definition
partial pressure gradients
Term
Most O2 in many animal circulatory systems is transported bound to respiratory pigments _____________.
Definition
hemoglobin
Term
31
Definition
Term
What is the function of myoglobin?
Definition
it stores oxygen in aerobic muscle and may facilitate diffusion from the blood to mitochondria
Term
What is the primary factor that determines the amount of hemoglobin saturation?
Definition
PO2
Term
As PO2 drops, the percent of O2 saturation (increases/decreases).
Definition
decreases
Term
By acting as a storage depot, what does hemoglobin promote?
Definition
net transfer of O2 from the alveoli to the blood 
Term
Does oxygen bound to hemoglobin contribute to the concentration gradient between the lungs and blood?
Definition
no
Term
What factors favor unloading of O2?
Definition
  • increased CO2
  • acidity
  • temperature
  • organic phosphates
Term
38
Definition
Term
How much of oxygen in the blood is bound to hemoglobin? Where is the rest?
Definition
98.5%; dissolved in the plasma
Term
What are the three ways in which CO2 is tranported in the blood? How much CO2 is transported by each of these mechanisms?
Definition
  • as bicarbonate (60%)
  • bound to hemoglobin (25-30%)
  • dissolved in the plasma (10%)
Term
How is bicarbonate from CO2 formed?
Definition
the CO2 binds with H2O (due to the enzyme in the red blood cells called carbonic anhydrase)
Term
What is hemoglobin that has CO2 bound to it called?
Definition
carbaminohemoglobin
Term
What four abnormalities in blood-gas levels?
Definition
  • hypoxic hypoxia
  • anemic hypoxia
  • curculatory hypoxia
  • histotoxic hypoxia
Term
What is hypoxic hypoxia?
Definition
it is a respiratory malfunction involving inadequate gas exchange; high altitude for air breathers 
Term
What is anemic hypoxia?
Definition
reduced O2 carrying capacity of the blood; decrease in RBCs, hemoglobin, or hemoglobin poisoning
Term
What is circulatory hypoxia?
Definition
too little oxygenated blood is delivered to the tissues 
Term
What is hystotoxic hypoxia?
Definition
normal O2 delivery to tissue, tissue is unable to use them; cyanide poisoning blocks enzymes fro the electron transport chain
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