Term
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Definition
| arrangement and interaction of parts within a system |
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Term
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Definition
| reducing complex systems to simpler parts in order to study them |
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Term
| What is important about structure and function? |
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Definition
| The structure of an organism directly affects the function. A different structure creates a different function. |
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Term
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Definition
| lowest level or organization that can perform all activities required for life |
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Term
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Definition
| Enclosed by a membrane and use DNA for their genetic info |
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Term
| Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic |
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Definition
Eukaryotic:
membrance bound organelles
more complex
nucleus
Prokaryotic:
simpler and smaller
no organelles |
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Term
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Definition
(Deoxyribonucleic acid)
substance of genes
controls the development/maintenance of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| units of inheritance that transmit info from parents to offspring |
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Term
| What do feedback mechanisms do? |
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Definition
| Allow biological processes to self-regulate |
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Term
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Definition
| more product= smaller amount of production |
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Term
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Definition
| more product= more production |
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Term
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Definition
| Branch of biology that names/classifies species into groups of increasing breadth |
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Term
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Definition
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species |
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Term
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Definition
| Anything that has mass and takes up space |
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Term
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Definition
| cannot be broken down further |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of two or more elements |
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Term
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Definition
| Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| elements needed in organisms in very small amounts |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal size of thyroid gland due to iron deficiency (can also be caused by a thyroid disease) |
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Term
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Definition
smallest unit of matter
unique to each element |
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Term
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Definition
| Neutron (neutral), Proton (positive), Electron (negative) |
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Term
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Definition
| Core of atom that contains protons and neutrons; electrons in orbitals |
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Term
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Definition
| number of protons in the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| average of all of an atom's isotopes |
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Term
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Definition
| atoms that have a different number of neutrons in an element (behave identically in chemical reactions) |
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Term
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Definition
| Isotope in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy |
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Term
| What is the chemical behavior of an atom determined by? |
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Definition
| the distribution of electrons in the electron shell |
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Term
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Definition
| Electrons in the outermost shell |
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Term
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Definition
| Outermost shell (a full shell means that element is chemically inert) |
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Term
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Definition
attraction b/w two atoms that result from sharing of electrons or the presence of opposite charges on an atom
(covalent and ionic) |
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Term
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Definition
| the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Type of molecular notation in which the elements involved are joined by lines that represent covalent bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of formula in which the quantity of atoms is represented (H2) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| atom's attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond (more electronegativity=stronger pull_ |
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Term
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Definition
| bond in which the electrons are shared equally |
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Term
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Definition
bond in which electrons are not shared equally (one is more electronegative than the other)
-causes a slight positive or negative charge |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical bond in which the electronegative atom takes the electron |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| compounds formed by ionic compounds |
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Term
| Why is it necessary that some chemical bonds be weak? |
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Definition
| Weak chemical bonds help to reinforce shapes of large molecules and help molecules adhere to each other |
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Term
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Definition
| weak bond that forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom |
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Term
| Van der Waals interactions |
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Definition
attractions b/w molecules that are close together as a result of charge changes
-gives structure to the molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| Making/breaking of chemical bonds (changes composition of matter) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main reason Earth is habitable? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Two ends of a molecule have opposites charges |
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Term
| Four of water's properties |
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Definition
| Cohesion, Moderation of Temperature, Expands when it freezes, solvent |
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Term
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Definition
| binding together of like molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| binding together of different molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid |
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Term
| Moderation of Temperature (Water) |
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Definition
-Absorbs heat from warmer air and releases it to cooler air
*water can absord/release large amount of heat with only a slight change in its own temperature |
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Term
| Because water has a high specific heat, it is able to.... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
amnt of heat that must be absorbed/lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree celsius (1 cal/g/C)
-measure of how well a substance can resist a change in temperature |
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Term
| Water's high specific heat is due to... |
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Definition
hydrogen bonding
(heat absorption=bonds breaking)
(heat lost=bonds forming) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g to be converted to gas |
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Term
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Definition
surface of an object cools
-stabilizes temperatures |
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Term
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Definition
| The order of the hydrogen bonds makes ice less dense than water. |
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Term
| Where is water's greatest density? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances |
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Term
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Definition
| dissolving agent in a solution |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that is dissolved |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Why is water a good solvent? |
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Definition
| Water has a partically positive/negative charge (polarity) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sphere of water molecules around each dissolves ion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| water-fearing (think PHOBIA!) |
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Term
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Definition
| single proton with a positive charge |
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Term
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Definition
| molecule with an extra proton (H3O)acidic |
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Term
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Definition
| molecule that lost a proton (OH-)basic |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that increases the H+ concentration (ph less than 7) |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that decreases the H+ concentration (ph greater than 7) |
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Term
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Definition
| increases x10 (6-8 would be 10 x 10=100) |
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Term
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Definition
substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution
-gives constant ph to biological fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| study of compounds that contain carbon |
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Term
| How are species distinguished? |
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Definition
| Different species of organisms and individuals w/i a species are distinguished by variations in their organic molecules. |
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Term
| How many covalent bonds can Carbon form? |
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Definition
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Term
| ......is key to an atom's chemical characteristics. |
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Definition
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Term
| The shape of a molecule determines its what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen |
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Term
| 2 things about hydrocarbons |
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Definition
-in organic molecules (fats)
-undergo reactions that release a LARGE amount of ENERGY |
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Term
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Definition
| compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties |
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Term
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Definition
| different covalent arrangements |
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Term
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Definition
| same covalent arrangements but different spatial arrangements |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Enantiomers are important to the pharmaceutical industry because... |
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Definition
| two enantiomers of a drug may have different effects (function differently) |
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Term
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Definition
| components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions |
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Term
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Definition
Hydroxyl (OH)
Carbonyl (CO)
Carboxyl(COOH)
Amino (NH2)
Sulfhydryl (SH)
Phosphate (OPO3)
Methyl (CH3) |
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Term
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Definition
Carbohydrate- monosaccharide
Proteins- Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids- nucleotides
Lipids- fatty acids + glycerol |
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Term
| How to identify functional groups |
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Definition
Carbs
-2:1 ratio of H to O
-ose
Lipids
large molecule w/ H and O's not a 2:1 ratio
Proteins
-presence of nitrogen
-ase ending
Nucleic Acids
-presence of phosphorous |
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Term
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Definition
| large molecules made of many covalently connected atoms (all biological molecules except lipids) |
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Term
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Definition
| long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| formation of a larger molecule by removing a water molecule (also called the condensation reaction) |
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Term
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Definition
| breaking of a large molecule by the addition of a water molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| sugars and polymers of sugars |
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Term
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Definition
monomer of carbohydrate; molecular formulas w/ CH2O
-classified by location of carbonyl group and number of carbons in skeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| dehydration synthesis joins two monosaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
| covalent bond formed b/w 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| polymers of sugar (storage/structural roles) |
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Term
| Polysaccharides are an important component to function because it... |
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Definition
-serves to store material to provide sugar for the cells
-building material for structures that protect cell/organism
-sugar monomers/position of glinkage determine structure/function |
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Term
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Definition
| storage polysaccharide of plants |
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Term
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Definition
| storage polysaccharide in animals (liver/muscle cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| Polysaccharide that is major component of the tough wall of plant cells |
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Term
| Enzymes that digest starch by hydrolizing its alpha linkages are unable to... |
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Definition
| hydrolize the beta linkages of cellulose because of the distinctly different shapes |
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Term
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Definition
| polysaccharide in exoskeleton of anthropods (structural polysaccharide) |
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Term
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Definition
-do not form polymers
-hydrophobic
-fats, phospholipids, steroids |
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Term
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Definition
| made from fatty acids and a glycerol |
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Term
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Definition
carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
-nonpolar C-H bonds cause fats to be hydrophobic |
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Term
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Definition
| bond b/w hydroxyl/carboxyl group |
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Term
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Definition
| maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds |
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Term
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Definition
one or more double bonds
-does not solidify at room temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| Unsaturated fat containing one or more trans double bonds |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What purpose does adipose tissue serve? |
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Definition
-stores fat
-cushions vital organs
-insulates body |
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Term
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Definition
two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol
(head is philic; tails are phobic) |
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Term
| What is the major component of all cell membranes? |
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Definition
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Term
| When added to water, what do phospholipids do? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lipids characterized by carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings |
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Term
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Definition
common component of animal cell membranes
-synthesized in liver |
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Term
| What are some of the functions of proteins? |
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Definition
-speed up chemical reactions (catalysts)
-storage
-structural support
-transport
-cellular communication
-movement
-defense against foreign substances |
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Term
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Definition
| Have a carboxyl and an amino group (not to mention the random R group) |
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Term
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Definition
| polymers made from the set of 20 amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| a covalent bond connecting amino acids together |
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Term
| Primary Structure (protein) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| coils (alpha helix) and small folds (beta pleated sheet) in the polypeptide chain |
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Term
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Definition
determined by interactions of various side chains (shape overall)
-determined by R groups |
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Term
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Definition
| protein bonds with another protein |
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Term
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Definition
| strong covalent bonds that help keep intact a protein's structure |
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Term
| Name a few things that determine a protein's structure. |
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Definition
-alterations in pH
-salt concentration
-temperature
*denatured protein is biologically inactive |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of a protein's native structure |
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Term
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Definition
| protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The components of a nucleotide are... |
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Definition
| a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group |
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Term
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Definition
| a nucleotide without the phosphate group |
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Term
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Definition
Pyrimidines: cytosine, thymine, uracil
Purines: Adenind and guanine |
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