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| based on measuring variables for individual participants to obtain scores, usually numerical values, that are submitted to stat. analysis fr summary and interpretation |
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| based on making observatinos that are summarized and interpreted in a narrative report |
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| general approach to research determined by the kind of question that the research study hopes to answer |
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| descriptive research strategy |
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| not concerned with rships between variables but with the description of individual variables. |
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| the data points produced by the changing values tend to from a straight line pattern. |
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| consistent, predictable relationship between the two variables, but now the pattern is a curved line |
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| non experimental research design |
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| Produce a description of the relationship between two variables but do not attempt to explain the relationship. ex. There is a relationship between gender and vergal ability. girls tend to have higher verbal skills than boys, but we don't know why. |
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| research study is the degree to which the study accurately answers the question it was intended to answer |
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| any component of a research study that introduces questions or raises doubts about the quality of the research process or the accuracy of the research results. |
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| produces a single, unambiguous explanation for the relationship between two variables. |
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| threat to internal validity |
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| any factor that allows for an alternative explanation |
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| refers to the extent to which we can generalize the results of a research study to people, settings, times, ect. than those used in the study |
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| threat to external validity |
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| any characteristic of a study that limits the generality of the results |
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| an extraneous variable that changes systematically along with the two variables being studied .A confounding variables provides an alternative explaination for the observed relatinoship between the two variabe and, therefore, is a threat to internal validity |
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| occur when the process used to assign different participants to different treatments produces groups of individuals with noticably different characteristics |
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| a threat to internal validity because any diff. that are observed between treatment condition may e caused by history instead of treatment. |
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| threat to internal validity because observed diff. between treatments can be caused by maturation not treatment |
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| refers to changes in the measuring instrument that occurs during a research study in which participants are measured in a series of treatment conditions. |
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| testing effect (order effects) |
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| occurs when the experience of being tested in one treatment condition (participationg and being measured) has an influence on the participant's scores in a later treatment condition. testing effects threaten internal validity because any observed differenes between treatment conditions may be caused by testing effects rather than the treatments. |
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| multiple treatment interference |
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| responses effect ofther testing reponses |
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| a nonnatural feature accidentally introduced into something being observed. fear or being startled. |
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| the researcher does not know the predicted outcome |
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| any of the potential cues or features of a study that (1) suggest to the participants what the purpose and hypothesis is (2) influences that participants to respond or behave in a certain way |
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| when participant modify their natural behavior in response to the fact tha they are participation in a research study or the knowledge that they are being measured |
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| subjects attempt to provide responses that will corrobrate the investigatros hypothesis. they have identified the hypothesis |
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| attempt to refute the hypothesis. they know the hypothesis |
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| apprehensive subject role |
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| being overly concerned that their performance in the study will be used to evaluate their abilities. they place themselves in desirable lgiht |
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