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122 final ch12
122 ch12
49
Chemistry
Undergraduate 2
09/25/2012

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Term
Define colloid
Definition
a substance with large molecules that attract and hold water

uniformly distributed

does not settle

ex. protoplasm of a cell
Term
Define solution
Definition
stable mixture of 2 substances

made up of solute, and solvent
Term
Define suspension
Definition
Large particles that float in a liquid

Dispersion depends on physical agitation
Term
Define solubility
Definition
ease at which a solute dissolves into a solvent
Term
What are factors that influence solubility?
Definition
Nature of the solute

Nature of the solvent

Temperature

Pressure
Term
How does temperature influence solubility?
Definition
Solubility increases with temperature for solids.

for gases, solubility varies inversely (more gas dissolves in a liquid at lower temperature)
Term
How does pressure influence solubility?
Definition
for gases, pressure and solubility are directly related

solids and liquids are not greatly affected
Term
Define dilute
Definition
a small amount of solute (a weak solution)

Most solutions in the body are dilute
Term
Define saturated
Definition
maximum amount of solute in a solution at a constant temperature
Term
Define super saturated
Definition
more solute that solution
Term
Define osmotic pressure
Definition
forced produced by solvent particles under certain conditions
Term
What is a semipermeable membrane?
Definition
a membrane that allows passage of solvent molecules, but not solute
(diffusion)
Term
What drives particles through a semi-permeable membrane?
Definition
osmotic pressure
Term
What influences osmostic pressure
Definition
(volume, temperature)
osmotic pressure depend on the number of particles in a solution, but not their charge. (2% solution has twice the amount of osmotic pressure as a 1% solution)

inversely proportional to the volume of a solvent

Varies directly with temperature
Term
Define “tonicity”
Definition
osmotic pressure exerted by a solution
Term
How many liters of water does a 150lb man
have?
Definition
40L (10.5 gals)
25L inside the cells (6.6 gals)
15L outside the cells (3.9 gals)
Term
Isotonic
Definition

Solutions that have equal tonicity

 

(normal saline 0.9%)

Term
Hypertonic
Definition
Solutions that have greater tonicity
For example, a 2% NaCl solution
Will draw water out of the cells
Term
Hypotonic
Definition
Solutions that have less tonicity
For example, 0.45% NaCl
• Will fill the cells with water
Term
Cation
Definition
positive charged + ion
Term
Anion
Definition
negetive charged - ion
Term
electrolyte
Definition
chemical substance that dissociates into ions when placed into a solution, becoming capable of conducting electricity
Term
Acid
Definition
compound that yields H+ (protons)
when placed in an aqueous solution

compound that donates H+
Term
base
Definition
compound that yields hydroxyl ions
(OH-) when placed in an aqueous solution

A substance that can inactivate an acid;

Any compound that accepts a H+
Term
What are the seven major electrolytes
Definition
– Sodium (Na+)
– Chloride (Cl-)
– Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
– Potassium (K+)
– Calcium (Ca++)
– Magnesium (Mg++)
– Phosphorus (P)
Term
How is water distributed in the body.
Definition
intra-cellular (2/3 total body water)
extra-cellular (1/3 total body water)
Term
What 3 sub-compartments is extra-cellular divided into?
Definition
intra-vascular water (plasm)5% of body weight

interstitial water 15% of body weight

transcellular fluid (mucus, digestive juices)
Term
Describe the characteristics of water in the human body.
Definition
45-80% of body weight is water (depending on age,
weight, gender)
– Lean people have greater water content
– Obese people have less water content
– Men have higher percentage of water than females
(females have higher percentage of adipose tissue)
– Total % body water in infants/children is higher than in
adults (+/- 80% of TBW in newborns is water)
Term
what are prominent electrolytes found in extracellular fluid.
Definition
calcium Chloride (Cl-) Bicarbonate (HCo3)
Term
What are prominent electrolytes found in the intracellular fluid
Definition

potassium (K+) magnesium (Mg2+) Phosphate (HPo4,2-) Sulfate (SO4,2+)

 

(the cells pms, when theres an eletrolyte imbalance)

Term
How is water lost from the body?
Definition
through the skin, kidneys, lungs, and GI tract

water lost from in infant can be twice that of an adult
Term
how much water needs to be replenished in a patient with a fever.
Definition
for each degree over 99 (over 24 hours) an additional 1000 ml is required
Term
how much water can be lost through the respiratory tract.
Definition
ave/day 200 ml - max/day 1500 ml
Term
Describe the movement of fluids and solutes between capillaries and the interstitial space.
Definition

when hydrostatic pressure is greater fluid moves from capillaries to interstitial space.

 

When osmotic pressure is greater, fluid flows from interstial space to capillaries

Term
What is hydrostatic pressure.
Definition
pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a given point within the fluid, due to the force of gravity
Term
Describe factors that affect hydrostatic pressure and what tendency does it have on fluids.
Definition
BP, blood volume, gravity
Term
Discuss capillary colloidal osmotic pressure.
Definition
“pulling pressure” into a vessel; depends on protein concentration in liquid; higher protein content sucks more fluid into vessel; proteins cannot get out, drawing water towards capillaries
Term
A balance between hydrostatic and osmotic pressure does what?
Definition
Keeps water in appropriate compartment
Term
water makes up what % of an individuals body weight?
Definition
45-80, depends on weight age gender and adipose tissue
Term
What is the the function of the lymphatic system with regards to fluid movement.
Definition
help remove excess fluid from interstitial spaces; very low pressure
Term

how does the alveolar interstitial areas of the lung remain relatively dry.

 

hydrostatic pressure

Definition
simple diffusion removes excess fluids from interstitial spaces to lymphatic channels (prevents edema)
Term
What is the NORMAL RANGE FOR SERUM SODIUM
Definition
136 – 145 mEq/L
Term
HOW IS SODIUM REABSORPTION IN KIDNEY IS REGULATED:
Definition
governed by aldosterone
Term
WHAT IS THE MOST PROMINENT ANION IN BODY
Definition
(CL-) *usually excreted with K+ as KCl
Term
NORMAL RANGE FOR SERUM CHLORIDE
Definition
98 - 106 mEq/L
Term
NORMAL RANGE FOR BICARBONATE
Definition
22 – 26 mEq/L
Term
ROLE OF BICARBONATE IN ACID BASE HOMEOSTASIS
Definition
HCO3 is the primary means for transporting CO2 from tissue to the lungs
Term
how do the kidneys react to acute respiratory acidosis and alkalosis.
Definition
in acidosis they retain or produce HCO3 to buffer the additional acid caused by CO2 retention in alkalosis the opposite occurs
Term
List the most prominent cation in the intracellular compartment.
Definition
Potassium (K+), 98% found in cells
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