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| is a region of DNA typically found near the middle of a chromosome where two identical sister chromatids come in contact. |
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| is the protein structure on chromosomes where the spindle fibers attach during division to pull the chromosomes apart. |
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| The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope |
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| An ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two; the eukaryotic cell cycle is composed of interphas (including G1, S, G2, suphase) and M phase (including mitosis and cytokinesis) |
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| The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During interphase cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated and cell size may increase. Interphase accounts for 90% of the cell cycle. |
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| A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into 5 stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosomes equally to each of the daughter nuclei. |
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| A modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication. It results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell. |
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| the first division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducting organisms that results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell |
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| The second division of a two-stage process of cell division is sexually reproduceing organisms that results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original |
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| Mendel's First Law (Law of Segregation) |
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Definition
The two members of a gene pair segregate (seperate) from each other into the gamets
-Occurs in Anaphase I when homologous chromosomes seperate from each other. |
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| Heterozygous individuals express traits from both alleles. |
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| Foreign macromolecule that elecits an immune response |
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Protective proteins targeted against foreign (non-self) materials
-Binds to an antigen |
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| color blindness, hemophilia |
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| TDI Gene (testies determining factor), Harry Pinnae (harry ear) |
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| the inactive x chromosome in females |
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| tightly coiled inactive DNS |
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| A karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryote cell. The term is also used for the complete set of chromosomes in a species, or an individual organism. |
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| Calico and tortoiseshell cats fur color patterns |
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Definition
| caused by the random inactivation of the x chromosome |
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| Fillial One-offspring of the parental generations hyprid |
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| Fillial 2-Offspring of cross between F1 (hyprid) individuals |
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| The crossing of an unknown individual with a homozygous recessive individual |
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| In a hetearozygous individual the allele that is completley masked (not expressed) |
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Definition
allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote
-only a single copy is reguired to express the trait |
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Two Genes
Independent assortment or linkage |
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2 genes-physically located on the same chromosome
-The alleles linked on the chromosome will be transmitted into the same gamete
-Different expectations for the phenotypes |
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| Autosomal Recessive Pedegrees |
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Definition
Generations are often skipped.
-Almost equal distribution amoung sexes
-If both parents are affected all of the children are affected |
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| Autosomal Dominant Pedgree |
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Definition
Generations are not skipped.
-Almost equal distribution amoung the sexes |
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| Sex-Linked recessive pedgree |
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Definition
mostly affects males
-affected males have carrier mothers
(have affected brothers fathers or maternal uncles |
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Definition
| Autosomal recessive trait |
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Definition
-Homozqous recessive (autosomal)
-Defect in metabolism of the amino acid
-Diagnosed by testing new borns
_treated by keeping phenylolanine out of the diet to prevent ment retarazition |
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Term
| screening for genetic disease in new borns |
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Definition
routine tests for 30 diseases
(recomended by government)
-Test available for about 50 diseases
-today in the U.S. every new born is tested for rare diseases |
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| Benifits of screening of new borns |
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Definition
| saves money through preventing hospitalization or long term disability care |
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| multible of the complete (haploid) set of chromosome |
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Involves changes in the number of chromosomes (extra or missing)
-Does not involve the complete set |
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| Aneuploidy Diseases in humans |
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Definition
Turner's femal (XO) (monosomic)
Klinefelter's male (XXY)
Xyy
XXX
Down Syndrom (trisomic 21) |
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Definition
Triomic for chromosome 21
-Incidences increases with mathers above 40 |
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Mitochondria
Inherited from the mother |
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Definition
| unwinds parental double helix at replication forks |
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| single-strand binding protein |
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Definition
| binds to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until it can be used as a template |
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Definition
| relieves "overwinding" strain ahead of replication forks by breaking, swivelling, and rejoining DNA strands |
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Definition
| synthesizes an RNA as a template, synthesizes new DNA strand of each Okazaki fragment of lagging strand |
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Definition
| using parental DNA as a template, synthesizes new DNA strand by covalently adding nucleotides to the 3' end of a pre-existing DNA strand or RNA primer |
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Definition
| removes RNA nucleotides of primer from 5' end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides |
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| join 3' of DNA that replaces primer to rest of leading strand and joins Okazaki fragments of lagging strand |
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| synthesized 5' to 3' in the direction of the replication fork |
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| synthisized from 5' to 3' away from the replication fork |
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| a short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication, many of which are joined together to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized |
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| the tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of eukaryotic chromosome's DNA molecule that protects the organism'sDNA molecule that protects the organism's genes from being eroded during successive rounds of replication |
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Definition
| an enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells |
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Definition
3' azido (N3) group instead of 3' OH group.
-while azt is added to growing viral DNA strand the azido group stops the addition of further nucleotides
-The azido group cannot form a covalent bond to the phosphate |
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Term
| Human DNA doesn't incorporate AZT because... |
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Definition
| human DNA polymerase has a good proof reading ability compared to the viral reverse transcriptase |
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