Term
| What is the cheapest and most abundant nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water makes up ___ to ____% of body weight at birth and ____ to ____% at maturity. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Percentage of body water (decreases/increases) with age and has an inverse relationship with body _____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Water accounts for ____ to ____% of blood. |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the functions of water? |
|
Definition
- transportation of nutrients and secretions
- chemical reactions and solvent properties
- body temparature regulation
- maintain shape of body cells
- lubricates and cushions joints and organs in the body cavity
-
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is extracellular water? |
|
Definition
| water outside the cell membrane |
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|
Term
| Extracellur water makes up ___ of total body water or ___% of body weight. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three components of ECW? |
|
Definition
- interstitial water
- intravascular water
- transcellular water
|
|
|
Term
| What is interstitial water? |
|
Definition
| the fluid in between the cells and in reality is the cells' environment |
|
|
Term
| Interstitial water makes up ___% of body weight. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is intravascular water? |
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Definition
| fluid that is basically the plasma component of the blood |
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|
Term
| Intraascular water makes up __% of body water. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Plasma is about ___% water and ___% solids. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is transcellular water? |
|
Definition
| water found in the body cavities and the gut |
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|
Term
| What is the percent of intracellular body water in some animals versus in ruminant animals? |
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Definition
| it is relatively small but in ruminant animals it can be quite a large amount because of their increased gut volume |
|
|
Term
| What is intracellular water? |
|
Definition
| the water found in the cells |
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|
Term
| Intracellular water makes up ___ of body water and ___% of body weight. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the avenues of gain for body water? |
|
Definition
- ingested water
- water in food
- metabolic water
|
|
|
Term
| What percentage of body weight is ingested water? |
|
Definition
| 10-12% (as high as 25% in sheep and camels) |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the avenues of loss for body water? |
|
Definition
- feces
- urine
- milk
- evaporation
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|
Term
| What are the four main functions of blood? |
|
Definition
- transportation of dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes
- regulation of the pH and electrlyte composition of interstitial fluids throughout the body
- restriction of fluid losses (in event of injury)
- defense against toxins and pathogens
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|
Term
| What percentage of body weight is blood? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the viscocity of blood compared to water? |
|
Definition
| it is five times more viscous than water |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the color of blood? |
|
Definition
| scarlet (oxygenated) to purple (venous blood) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main components of water? |
|
Definition
| red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets |
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|
Term
| What is another name for red blood cells? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for white blood cells? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for blood platelets? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of leucocytes? |
|
Definition
| agranulocytes and granulocytes |
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|
Term
| What are the two types of agranulocytes? |
|
Definition
| lymphocytes and monocytes |
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|
Term
| What are the three types of granulocytes? |
|
Definition
| basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils |
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|
Term
| What percentage of the blood is plasma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of plasma is water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of plasma is plasma proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of plasma is made up by other solutes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do formed elements of the blood include? |
|
Definition
| RBCs, WBCs, and platelets |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of the blood is formed elements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of formed elements is RBCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of formed elements is WBCs and platelets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the serum in blood separated from clotted blood? |
|
Definition
- the blood is allowed to clot
- it is put in a centrifuge
- serum is separated from the clotted blood
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|
Term
| What is serum used to determine? |
|
Definition
| measurement for extracellular components of blood |
|
|
Term
| If you want to separate blood into three parts in order to get plasma, what must you use? |
|
Definition
| an anti clotting agent such as heparin |
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|
Term
| When blood is spun in a centrifuge, what is the order in which the blood separates starting at the top? |
|
Definition
| plasma, buffy coat, erythrocytes |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the buffy coat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are albumins? What does it transport? |
|
Definition
| the most abundant plasma protein; transports lipids and steroid hormones |
|
|
Term
| Where are albumins produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do globulins transport? |
|
Definition
| metal ions, hormones, and lipids |
|
|
Term
| What are gamma globulins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes up the clotting system in bllod? |
|
Definition
| fibrinogens and prothrombin |
|
|
Term
| What are some other solutes? |
|
Definition
| electrolytes, organic nutrients, wastes, and buffers |
|
|
Term
| Many of the functions of plasma are carried out by ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is colloid osmotic pressure? |
|
Definition
| colloid plasma proteins maintain higher concentrations and form osmotic pressure, preventing loss of plasma from the bloodand maintaining volume (the presence of plasma proteins in the blood causes water to enter the blood vessels and helps maintain blood volume) |
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|
Term
| What is another name for colloid osmotic pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does colloid osmotic pressure act as a buffer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of plasma proteins are albumin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many substances with low water solubility, such as bile salts, fatty acids, calcium, iron, and some drugs |
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|
Term
| What do albumins control? |
|
Definition
| osmotic pressure of the blood component |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of globulins? |
|
Definition
| alpha globulins, beta globulins, and gamma globulins |
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|
Term
| What are alpha globulins? |
|
Definition
| transporters (thyroid hormone, cholesterol) |
|
|
Term
| What type of molecule carries energy lipids and structural lipids for biosynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high density lipoproteins |
|
|
Term
| Why are HDLs called HDLs? |
|
Definition
| because they are mostly protein and only have some phospholipids so they have a high density |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are LDLs called LDLs? |
|
Definition
| because they have only a little protein and have more phospholipids so they have a low density |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| very low density lipoproteins |
|
|
Term
| Why are VLDLs called VLDLs? |
|
Definition
| because they have the most phospholipids and have little protein so they ahve a very low density |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are chylomicrons? Where are they produced? |
|
Definition
| they transport triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol; intestinal absorptive cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the specific density of water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of erythrocytes? What is the purpose of this shape? |
|
Definition
| bioconcave; it gives it a larger surface area so enough O2 can diffuse through it |
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|
Term
| Erythrocytes do not have ________, ________, or ________. |
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Definition
| nucleus, mitochondria, organelles |
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|
Term
| Why don't erythrocytes have a nucleus, mitochondria, or organelles? |
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Definition
| because they need as much room as possible to carry oxygen |
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|
Term
| How long do erythrocytes last on average? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure destroys old erythrocytes and where in the body do they destroy them? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What produces new erythrocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the process called in which new erythrocytes are produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the body know to produce more erythrocytes? |
|
Definition
| the kidneys monitor the blood and if there are nor enough it sends an endocrine signal to the bone marrow to produce more |
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|
Term
| What is the hormone that the kidney secretes to tell the bone marrow to produce more RBCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the specific process that occurs when the kidneys decide that there is not enough RBCs? |
|
Definition
- the kidneys detect reduced O2 carrying capacity
- when less O2 is delivered to the kidneys, they secrete the hormone erythropoietin
- erythropoietin stimulates erythropoiesis by the bone marrow
- the additional circulating erythrocytes increase the O2 carrying capacity of the blood
- this relieves the initial stimulus that triggered erythropoieten secretion
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|
Term
| Erythrocytes are fully enclosed with _________. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Oxygen is carried in ______ by the ________ in erythrocytes. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| CO2 is carried by ___________, not the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is CO2 carried as? Why? |
|
Definition
| HCO-3 because it acts as a major pH buffer in the extracellular fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a large protein containing 4 heme groups containing iron
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|
|
Term
| Iron ________ binds to oxygen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Binding of oxygen to iron is described by the _______________. |
|
Definition
| oxygen dissociation curve |
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|
Term
| Each heme group can bind to ___ oxygen(s) so each hemoglobin can carry ____ oxygen(s). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All white blood cells contain ______ and _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of WBCs? |
|
Definition
| to help defend the body against invasion of pathogens |
|
|
Term
| There are (more/less) WBCs than RBCs. Why is this? |
|
Definition
| less; because if we are not sick we do not need WBCs |
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|
Term
| At any given time, where are WBCs mostly found? |
|
Definition
| in connective tissue or in the organs of the lymphatic system |
|
|
Term
| WBCs primarily use the blood for _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WBCs exhibit chemotaxis. What does this mean? |
|
Definition
| it means they are attracted to a specific chemical stimuli |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of WBCs exhibiting chemotaxis? |
|
Definition
| it allows them to converge on pathogens and areas of tissue damage |
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|
Term
| WBCs are capable of ________ movement. What is the purpose of this? |
|
Definition
| amoeboid; this allows them to converge on pathogens and sites of injury |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which WBCs migrate out of the blood stream by squeezing between endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the five types of leukocytes? |
|
Definition
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
- monocytes
- lymphocytes
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|
Term
| Neutrophils make up ___ to ____% of circulating WBCs. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The cytoplasm of neutrophils is packed with __________________ that contain ___________. |
|
Definition
| pale "neutral" colored granules, bactericidal compounds |
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|
Term
| What is the nucleus of mature neutrophils like? Because of this, neutrophils are known as _________ leukocytes. |
|
Definition
| segmented; polymorphonuclear |
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|
Term
| What is the diameter of neutrophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the locomotion and reaction of neutrophils like? |
|
Definition
| they are highly mobile and are usually the first WBCs to arrive at a site of injury |
|
|
Term
| What do neutrophils specialize in? |
|
Definition
| attacking and digesting bacteria that have been marked for destruction |
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|
Term
| What is the lifespan of neutrophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eosinophils make up __ to __% of circulating WBCs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the size of eosinophils like? |
|
Definition
| they are about the same as neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| What are the granules in eosinophils like? |
|
Definition
| reddish-orange staining granules |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of eosinophils? |
|
Definition
- they phagocytize antibody covered bacteria, protazoa, and cellular debris
- they exocytose toxic compounds onto the surface of pathogens, particularly large multicelluar parasites such as flukes or worms
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|
|
Term
| What happens to eosinophils during parasitic infection? |
|
Definition
| they dramatically increase in number |
|
|
Term
| How are eosinophils and allergens related? |
|
Definition
| they are sentive to allergens and dramatically increase in number during allergic reactions |
|
|
Term
| What is the typical lifespan of eosinophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basophils make up ______% of circulating WBCs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the size of basophils like? |
|
Definition
| they are smaller than neutrophils and eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| What color are the granules that make up basophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of basophils? |
|
Definition
- they migrate to injury sites and discharge the contents of their granules
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|
|
Term
| What is contained in the granules of basophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of histamine? |
|
Definition
| vasodilator and increase capillary permeability |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of heparin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collectively, what are the functions of histamine and heparin? |
|
Definition
| they enhance the local inflammation initiated by mast cells and attract other WBCs |
|
|
Term
| What is the lifespan of basophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monocytes make up ___ to ___% of circulating WBCs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the size of a monocyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the nucleus of a monocyte like? |
|
Definition
| it is large and tends to be oval or kidney shaped |
|
|
Term
| What is the movement of monocytes throughout the body like? |
|
Definition
- individual monocytes use the bloodstream as a highway
- they stay in circulation for only about 24hrs before entering a peripheral tissue where it becomes a tissue macrophage, an aggressive phagocyte
|
|
|
Term
| What are the two main functions of monocytes? |
|
Definition
- normal: replenish resident macrophages and dendritic cells
- inflammation signals: move quickly (approximately 8-12 hours) to sites of infection in the tissuesand divide/differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells to elicit an immune response
|
|
|
Term
| What is the lifespan of monocytes? |
|
Definition
| it can be up to several months |
|
|
Term
| Lymphocytes make up ___ to ___% of circulating WBCs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the size of lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
| they are slightly larger than RBCs |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of lymphocytes as seen in blood smears? |
|
Definition
| there is a thin halo of cytoplasm around a large nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What is the migration of lymphocytes like? |
|
Definition
| they continuosly migrate from the bloodstream back into the peripheral tissues and back into the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| Where are most lymphocytes located? |
|
Definition
| in connective tissues and lymphatic organs |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main classes of lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of T lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
| they defend against foreign cells and tissues and coordinate the immune response |
|
|
Term
| T lymphocytes become __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of B lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
| they produce and distribute antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins that attack foreign molecules |
|
|
Term
| What is the lifespan of lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can you remember all the lymphocytes and their order of abundance? |
|
Definition
| Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils |
|
|
Term
| What is the size and shape of thrombocytes like? |
|
Definition
| flattened, disk-like fragments that are musch smaller than RBCs |
|
|
Term
| Thrombocytes act as a participant in the ____________________. |
|
Definition
| vascular clotting systems |
|
|
Term
| What is the lifespan of thrombocytes like? Explain. |
|
Definition
| 9-12 days, they are then removed by spleen macrophages, they are continuosly replaced |
|
|
Term
| On average, how many platelets are there in the blood? |
|
Definition
| 350,000 per microliter (uL) of blood |
|
|
Term
| Where are thrombocytes produced? Explain. |
|
Definition
| bone marrow; large cells called megakaryocytesrelease fragments (platelets) into circulation |
|
|
Term
| What is the proces of producing thrombocytes called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formation of blood cells and platelets |
|
|
Term
| Where does hemeopoiesis start from? |
|
Definition
| stem cells called hemocytoblasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of stopping bleeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three phases of hemostasis? |
|
Definition
- vascular phase (vascular spasm)
- platelet phase (formation of platelet plug)
- coagulating phase (blood clot formation)
|
|
|
Term
| What happens during the vascular phase? |
|
Definition
- damage occurs
- endothelial cells become sticky
- smooth muscle contracts
|
|
|
Term
| What happens during the platelet phase? |
|
Definition
- platelets attach to sticky area
- platelet plug is formed
- chemicals released to attract more pletelets
|
|
|
Term
| What happens during the coagulating phase? |
|
Definition
- prothrombin is converted to thrombin which converts fibrinogen to fibrin forming fibrin meshwork
- RBCs trapped
- requires Ca 2+ and vitamin K
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|
|
Term
| The clot contains _______ and _______ which constrict the clot. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during clot retraction? |
|
Definition
- clot is dissolved by fibrinolysis
- plasmin (active form of plasminogen) erodes the clot
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (blood clot) it is when platelets stick to the interior of an intact blood vessel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- when platelet accumulation breaks free in the blood vessel
|
|
|
Term
| Thrombus is followed by ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
