Term
| what percent of global deaths are attributed to cardiovascular disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the ratio of americans with cardiovascular disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the term for thickening of the artery walls? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are bacteria and their byproducts introduced to the bloodstream? (3) |
|
Definition
burshing
flossing
subgingival irrigation |
|
|
Term
| what is the largest source of periodontal pathogens to the host? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there evidence of periodontal therapy reducing the risk of CVD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 possible explanations for how periodontitis is related to cardiovascular disease (names of theory) |
|
Definition
1. Direct effect of periodontal pathogens on platelets
2. cross reactivity
3. Periodontal pathogen invasion of vessels
4. triggering of proinflammatory cytokines |
|
|
Term
| what is the most accepted explanation for how periodontitis is related to cardiovascular disease? |
|
Definition
| triggering of proinflammatory cytokines |
|
|
Term
| for the direct effect of periodontal pathogens on platelets theory, what effect is seen in platelets? |
|
Definition
| clot and thrombus formation which causes CVD |
|
|
Term
| What is the cross reactivity theory? |
|
Definition
| prolonged immune response of the body results in mistaken targeting of the endothelial cells of blood vessels--> atherosclerosis |
|
|
Term
| Explain the periodontal pathogen invasion of vessels theory? |
|
Definition
| perio pathogens invade the cells of blood vessel walls which causes systemic inflammation and atherosclerosis |
|
|
Term
| explain the "trigger of proinflammatory cytokines" theory? |
|
Definition
| chronic infection results in activation of the body's immune response which causes production of proinflammatory cytokines by the liver and leads to atherosclerosis |
|
|
Term
| what are some possible adverse pregnancy outcomes for patients with periodontitis |
|
Definition
miscarriage
low birth weight
preterm birth
preeclampsia |
|
|
Term
| When can you treat a pregnant woman? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what compound is produced in chronic perio patients that may cause preterm or low birth weight babies? |
|
Definition
| prostaglandins (IL1 and TNF alpha) |
|
|
Term
| what specific periodontal pathogens have shown adverse pregnancy outcomes in animal studies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the term for the typical levels of blood sugar (glucose) in a person with diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is blood sugar measured? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the blood sugar goal for a patient with diabetes BEFORE a meal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the blood sugar goal for a patient with diabetes AFTER a meal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the range for prolonged elevated blood glucose that can lead to serious complications and sometimes death |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the proposed biological pathway for bacterial influence on diabetes? |
|
Definition
| lipopolysaccarides produced by bacteria travel to the liver and pancrease to cause insulin resistance and glucose intolerance |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 risk factors for respiratory disease? |
|
Definition
hospital acquired pneumonia
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
|
|
Term
| what is serious inflammation of one or both lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of pneumonia |
|
Definition
community acquired
hospital acquired |
|
|
Term
| what is pneumonia contracted outside the hospital setting? |
|
Definition
| community acquired pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| what is pneumonia contracted during a stay in a hospital or long term care facility? |
|
Definition
| hospital acquired pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| what are the specialized microorganisms that can colonize dental biofilm and place individuals at increased risk of developing hospital acquired pneumonia? |
|
Definition
| potential respiratory pathogens (PRPs) |
|
|
Term
| can improved oral hygiene measures reduce incidence of hospital-acquired pneumonia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a lung disease characterized by obstruction of airflow during exhalation |
|
Definition
| chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder |
|
|
Term
| what are the two main types of COPD? |
|
Definition
emphysema
chronic bronchitis |
|
|
Term
| What can an RDH do to reduce the incidence of hospital acquired pneumonia? |
|
Definition
-advocate programs that enhance access of institutionalized elders to dental care
advocate training of medical healthcare providers in providing daily oral hygiene care |
|
|
Term
| how much more likely are smokers to have severe loss of attachment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much more likely are smokers to exhibit periodontal destruction than nonsmokers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| smokers are how many times more likely to be infected with periodontal pathogens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percentage of periodontal disease among adults in the US may be due to smoking? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 5 characteristics of smokers? |
|
Definition
more attachment loss and recession
more alveolar bone loss
more deep pockets
more furcation involvement
more tooth loss |
|
|
Term
| severity of attachment loss for smokers is related to which 2 details regarding use? |
|
Definition
# of cigarettes smoked per day
number of years smoking |
|
|
Term
| For every 10 pack-year incremement, how many mm's of increased attachment loss occurs for smokers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many chemicals are released during smoking and how many of these are cancer-causing? |
|
Definition
4,000 chemicals
60 cancer causing |
|
|
Term
| what effect on gingival tissues is seen with smokeless tobacco? |
|
Definition
| increased inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
| who recommends the inclusion of tobacco cessation in periodontal therapy? |
|
Definition
| American Academy of Periodontology |
|
|
Term
| What is the ADHA's model for tobacco cessation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F- bacterial respiratory infections are thought to be acquired through aspiration of fine droplets from the oral cavity and throat into the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F- In smokers, the periodontal tissues are continuously exposed to nicotine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F- periodontal disease may exacerbate diabetes mellitus by worsening glycemic control over time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F- non-smokers and smokers heal well in response to periodontal treatment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F- The American Academy of Periodontology statement indicates that most pregnant women do not require a periodontal examination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 2 modes of destruction for smoking? |
|
Definition
reduced saliva flow
reduced immune response |
|
|
Term
| what is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the extent of bacteria able to enter the bloodstream during routine oral care is directly related to what? |
|
Definition
| severity of gingival inflammation |
|
|
Term
| what is a bacterial infection of the lining of the heart chambers and valves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the best way to reduce the chance of bacteremia and bacterial endocarditis? |
|
Definition
| maintain good periodontal health |
|
|
Term
| what information should you record regarding a patient with diabetes? |
|
Definition
type
how long they've had it
history of complications
medications
method of monitoring |
|
|
Term
| what are the two methods to monitor blood glucose levels |
|
Definition
Hemoglobin A1c
finger stick test |
|
|
Term
| What does the Hemoglobin A1c test for? |
|
Definition
| amount of sugar attached to hemoglobin in red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the standard A1C for patients without diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the A1C goal for patients with diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when using the finger stick test, what is the target glucose range? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what A1C level corresponds with a high susceptibility to infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when using the finger stick test, what is the range for an increased risk of infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when using the finger stick test, what is an unacceptable range? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For a diabetic patient, what should be determined before initiating care? |
|
Definition
MD premedication clearance
A1C levels |
|
|
Term
| what are two consideration for the day of treatment for a diabetic patient |
|
Definition
have them bring their glucose monitor
remind them to eat breakfast |
|
|
Term
| what is a postappointment consideration for diabetic patients |
|
Definition
| if they can't eat they are at risk for hypoglycemia |
|
|
Term
| what is the risk of leaving periodontal disease untreated in diabetes patients |
|
Definition
| more difficult to control glucose levels which can lead to increased chances of complications from diabetes |
|
|
Term
| several years after quitting smoking, are former smokers more likely to have periodontal disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many weeks after quitting smoking can patients experience an increased inflammatory response? |
|
Definition
| 10-12 weeks (lasts a few weeks) |
|
|
Term
| How long after quitting smoking does it take for the gingiva to become less fibrotic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are clinical practices, treatments, and interventions that result in the best possible outcome for the patient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the goal of best practices? |
|
Definition
| measurable and reproducible superior patient outcomes |
|
|
Term
| what 3 things prompted the best practice approach to patient care? |
|
Definition
1. new techniques, tests, procedures, and products for perio care
2. increased number of published articles
3. access to research results
4. need for hygienists to remain current
5. evolution of DH as a profession |
|
|
Term
| T/F- new treatments and products are always better |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| evidence based care incorporates what three components into decision making? |
|
Definition
clinical experience
patient preferences
best available evidence |
|
|
Term
| what is the knowledge gap? |
|
Definition
| gap between what is known to be best practice and the care that patients actually receive |
|
|
Term
| what have studies found about knowledge in relation to the length of time out of school? |
|
Definition
| longer out of school, the less current their knowledge |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 foundational elements of evidence based care? |
|
Definition
1. incorporation of best scientific evidence
2. the healthcare providers clinical expertise
3. the patient's preferences and values |
|
|
Term
| What is the ranking system used in evidence based care to describe the strength of the results in a clinical trial or research study |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does a high or low level of evidence indicate a high quality study? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is ranking for level of evidence for a research study (highest to lowest) |
|
Definition
systemic review
single randomized controlled trial
cohort study
case-controlled study / case report
expert opinion |
|
|
Term
| what is a concise summary of individual research studies on a dental treatment or device to determine the overall validity and clinical applicability of that treatment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the acronym for how to structure a question? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does PICO stand for? |
|
Definition
P- patient or problem
I- intervention
C- comparison
O- outcome |
|
|
Term
| what is the process of evidence based decision making? |
|
Definition
1. ask a clear focused question
2. find good evidence
3. review and critically appraise evidence
4. apply the evidence
5. evaluate your performance |
|
|
Term
| what are 4 websites that have systematic reviews |
|
Definition
TRIP database
cochrane collaboration
Pebmud
american dental association |
|
|
Term
| what do you ask when you are evaluating your performance? |
|
Definition
1. is what I'm doing right?
2. what do I need to stop doing?
3. what do I need to keep doing but change how I do it |
|
|
Term
| what is the Process whereby the dentist and dental hygienist use the information gathered during the clinical periodontal assessment to identify treatment strategies that meet the patient’s individual needs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who is responsible for making a periodontal diagnosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who is responsible for planning nonsurgical therapy? |
|
Definition
| dentist and dental hygienist |
|
|
Term
| who is responsible for participating in treatment decisions and goals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 fundamental diagnostic questions for assigning a periodontal diagnosis? |
|
Definition
1. does the clinical assessment indicate health or disease?
2. is the disease gingivitis or periodontitis?
3. what type of gingivitis or periodontitis? |
|
|
Term
| Does health or disease require additional diagnostic decisions to be made? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are signs or symptoms of disease observed and measured by the clinician? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are signs or symptoms of disease noted by the patient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 3 visible signs of disease? |
|
Definition
color changes in gingiva
contour changes in gingiva
changes in consistency of gingiva |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 hidden signs of disease? |
|
Definition
bone loss
exudate
bleeding on probing |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 levels of disease severity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the CAL for slight disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the CAL for moderate disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the CAL for severe disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of disease extent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a purpose of periodontal case types? |
|
Definition
| used in reports to insurance companies |
|
|
Term
| Does case type alone specify precise periodontal disease classification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 periodontal case types? |
|
Definition
case type I- gingivitis only
case type II- mild periodontitis
case type III- moderate periodontitis
case type IV- severe periodontitis |
|
|
Term
| what is a sequential outline of measures to be carried out by the dentist, DH, and patient to eliminate disease and restore periodontal health? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 4 functions of a master treatment plan? |
|
Definition
coordinate sequence of treatment and education
estimate length of time for treatment
communicate with the patient
obtain patient consent for treatment |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 phases of a periodontal treatment plan? |
|
Definition
assessment phase and preliminary therapy (emergency phase)
nonsurgical periodontal therapy (phase I)
surgical therapy (phase II)
restorative therapy (phase III)
periodontal maintenance (phase IV) |
|
|
Term
| what occurs during phase 0 of a periodontal treatment plan (assessment and preliminary therapy)- (3) |
|
Definition
assessment data collection
immediate care (emergency care or extractions)
comprehensive perio assessment |
|
|
Term
| what occurs during phase I of a periodontal treatment plan (nonsurgical periodontal therapy) |
|
Definition
all measures used to control gingivitis and periodontitis (instrumentation)
DH care and education |
|
|
Term
| what are two other names for non-surgical periodontal therapy? (2) |
|
Definition
bacterial control
anti-infective therapy |
|
|
Term
| what occurs during phase II of a periodontal treatment plan (surgical therapy) |
|
Definition
periodontal surgery
implant placement
root canal therapy |
|
|
Term
| what occurs during phase III of a periodontal treatment plan (restorative therapy) |
|
Definition
splinting of teeth
restorations
replacement of missing teeth by fixed bridge or removable prosthesis |
|
|
Term
| what occurs during phase IV of a periodontal treatment plan (periodontal maintenance) |
|
Definition
all measures to keep periodontitis under control
prevention of disease recurrence |
|
|
Term
| what should be documented regarding periodontal treatment? |
|
Definition
assessment data
educational instruction
treatment services performed |
|
|
Term
| what is the primary concern for management of patients with cardiovascular disorders during periodontal therapy? |
|
Definition
| maintaining optimal BP, heart rate, and heart rhythm |
|
|
Term
| what technique is used to maintain BP, heart rate, and heart rhythm in patient's with cardiovascular disorder? |
|
Definition
| stress-reduction protocols |
|
|
Term
| what are 4 common medications taken by cardiovascular disease patients that have an effect on the periodontium? |
|
Definition
calcium channel blockers
antiarrhythmic drugs
anticoagulant drugs
aspirin therapy |
|
|
Term
| Calcium channel blockers are used to treat what aspect of CV disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calcium channel blockers have been known to cause what gingival side effect in some patients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are antiarrhythmic drugs used to treat in CV disease patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what effect can antiarrhythmic drugs have on the gingiva of patients (2) |
|
Definition
gingival overgrowth
xerostomia |
|
|
Term
| what are anticoagulant drugs used to treat in CV disease patients? |
|
Definition
| prevent or delay coagulation |
|
|
Term
| what CV disease patients usually receive anticoagulant medications? |
|
Definition
prosthetic heart valves
heart valve disorders
myocardial infarction
stroke
thromboembolism (BV blocked by clot) |
|
|
Term
| are any treatment modifications needed for a patient on anticoagulants? |
|
Definition
| no, but MD should be consulted before initiating care. |
|
|
Term
| What is a possible complication for patients on aspirin therapy during periodontal treatment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a treatment consideration for patients on aspirin therapy? |
|
Definition
| consult MD for possible medication dose alteration prior to treatment |
|
|
Term
| What is a treatment consideration for patients with pacemakers? |
|
Definition
| avoid use of ultrasonics if unshielded pacemaker |
|
|
Term
| what are 6 strategies for stress reduction techniques? |
|
Definition
good communication to reduce anxiety
reduce anxiety with possible premedication
schedule appts early in the day
suggest full breakfast and early arrival to reduce stress
keep appt times short
ensure good pain control |
|
|
Term
| How much more likely are patients with periodontitis and heart disease to have a heart attack> |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 2 considerations for treatment of a patient with COPD? |
|
Definition
no ultrasonics- risk of inhaling septic material
differ treatment if upper respiratory infection |
|
|
Term
| how often should plaque removal be implemented for individuals in hospital or nursing home settings in order to reduce the chance of respiratory infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the sudden death of brain cells due to a problem with blood supply |
|
Definition
| cerebrovascular accident (stroke) |
|
|
Term
| stroke results in sudden loss of neurological function (speech, movement, sensation) for what period of time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a common anticoagulant medication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what treatment modification should be made for stroke patients that have ongoing difficulty with swallowing, chewing, facial weakness, and weakness of the hands and arms |
|
Definition
modified oral health aids (large handle brush, ETB, floss holder
daily antimicrobial rinse for plaque control |
|
|
Term
| what is a brain disorder that occurs when electrical signals of the brain are disrupted which results in seizures and changes in body movement, awareness of surroundings, and sensation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a common anticonvulsant medication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percentage of individuals taking phenytoin (anticonvulsants) develop gingival overgrowth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the best treatment of medication associated gingival enlargement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If medications for epilepsy cannot be changed to an alternative due to gingival enlargement, what is the next best method of treatment? |
|
Definition
| plaque control and surgical elimination |
|
|
Term
| If a patient with gingival overgrowth is under 25, how soon will overgrowth most likely occur after surgical removal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the role of the liver? (3) |
|
Definition
converting food to energy for cells
processing drugs
detoxifying and excreting poisonous substances |
|
|
Term
| what are forms of liver disease? (5) |
|
Definition
viral hepatitis
cirrhosis
gallstones
alcohol-related liver disorder
cancer of the liver |
|
|
Term
| what are 4 treatment considerations for patients with liver disease? |
|
Definition
increased bleeding (liver makes clotting factors)
minimize swallowing of blood (liver digests proteins)
consult MD before prescribing meds (liver metabolizes drugs)
increased risk of infection |
|
|
Term
| Is calcium in the teeth metabolically active? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can bacterial products and toxins cross the placenta and harm a fetus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much more likely are pregnant women with periodontal disease to have a baby that is too early or too small? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what compound causes initiation of labor and is produced during the inflammatory response of periodontal disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what role does PGE2 play in pregnancy (3) |
|
Definition
regulates onset of labor
uterine contraction
delivery |
|
|
Term
| what role does PGE2 play in periodontal disease (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mothers who delivered low birth weight babies had how much more PGE2 than women who delivered healthy babies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a method of filtering unwanted waste products from the blood using a machine that acts as an artificial kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 3 considerations for kidney disease patients |
|
Definition
1. stress reduction techniques
2. possible premedication
3. increased dental calculus buildup |
|
|
Term
| dialysis patients are at an increased risk of what treatment complication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If bacteria is introduced into the bloodstream of a kidney dialysis patient, where will they see systemic inflammation? |
|
Definition
| at the site of the shunt or fistula |
|
|
Term
| patients with which diseases may have bleeding disorders? (3) |
|
Definition
hemophilia A and B
von Willebrand disease
liver disease |
|
|
Term
| what are 4 oral manifestations of bleeding disorders? |
|
Definition
petechiae
ecchymoses
spontaneous gingival bleeding
prolonged massive bleeding during periodontal procedures |
|
|
Term
| people with bleeding disorders may have issues with which 3 dental treatments? |
|
Definition
instrumentation on root surfaces
local anesthesia injections
periodontal surgery |
|
|
Term
| Is probing an issue for patients with bleeding disorders? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lab test should be done before treating patients with blood disorders |
|
Definition
| blood coagulation times and platelet levels |
|
|
Term
| what is cancer of blood forming tissues such as bone marrow/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 3 oral manifestations for patients with leukemia |
|
Definition
oral ulceration
palatal petechiae
spontaneous gingival bleeding |
|
|
Term
| what are two forms of gingival appearance for leukemia patients? |
|
Definition
fiery red and boggy
light pink-white in color |
|
|
Term
| what are the three most common immunosuppressants given to transplant patients? |
|
Definition
cyclosporin
azathioprine
corticosteroid |
|
|
Term
| what are 4 side effects of cyclosporin used to treat organ transplant? |
|
Definition
gingival overgrowth
liver damage
anemia
bleeding disorders |
|
|
Term
| what is a side effect of azathioprine used to treat organ transplants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 2 side effects of corticosteroids used to treat organ transplants |
|
Definition
increased risk of infection
inability to adjust to stress (such as dental appts) |
|
|
Term
| what are 4 possible oral problems resulting from cancer and chemotherapy? |
|
Definition
mucositis
xerostomia
reduced healing capacity
bacterial, fungal, and viral infections of the oral cavity |
|
|
Term
| what is inflammation of the mucous membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most important treatment for mucositis? |
|
Definition
| periodontal debridement of tooth surfaces |
|
|
Term
| what are 4 complications of xerostomia? |
|
Definition
speech and mastication difficulty
increased risk of candidiasis
increased plaque accumulation
dentinal hypersensitivity |
|
|
Term
| what is a complication of jaw radiation therapy that may result in bone that is less capable of resolving trauma or infection that can result in severe destruction of bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is osteoradionecrosis permanent or temporary? |
|
Definition
| permanent- patient at risk for the rest of their life |
|
|
Term
| Is the mandible or maxilla more susceptible to osteoradionecrosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a helpful treatment for the prevention and controlling of candidiasis in cancer patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smokers tend to harbor higher levels of what bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are three medications that can cause excessive bleeding during treatment? |
|
Definition
aspirin
coumadin
blood thinners |
|
|
Term
| T/F- systemic disease can increase an individuals risk of periodontitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F- periodontitis cannot have an adverse effect on an individual's overall health? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 4 areas that should be discussed with the patient in order to help them choose the treatment that is best for them? |
|
Definition
evidence regarding a treatment option
treatment of choice based on evidence
possible treatment alternatives
risk of no treatment |
|
|
Term
| what are 4 common patient concerns after a treatment is selected? |
|
Definition
cost
pain
time lost from work (how many appts)
impact on family |
|
|
Term
| what is the integration of best research evidence with clinical experience and patient values? |
|
Definition
| evidence based decision making |
|
|
Term
| what are the three elements of evidence based decision making |
|
Definition
evidence (research)
clinical expertise (of ADHP)
patient values and preferences |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 goals of evidence based decision making for periodontal care |
|
Definition
less emphasis on clinical experience
more emphasis on valid scientific findings
improved treatment decisions based on evidence
minimize harm to patient
improved periodontal treatment outcomes |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 basic steps in evidence based dental care? |
|
Definition
1. ask a clear question
2. search for the best evidence
3. appraise the evidence
4. act on the evidence
5. evaluate your performance |
|
|
Term
| what are some characteristics for the "person" PICO component that can narrow the patient's problem? (6) |
|
Definition
health status
age
race
gender
previous conditions
medications |
|
|
Term
| what are 6 examples of "interventions" for the PICO process? |
|
Definition
diagnostic test
treatment
adjunctive therapy
medication
product
clinical procedure |
|
|
Term
| what is a required component for the "outcome" portion of the PICO process |
|
Definition
| must include a timeframe for measuring results |
|
|
Term
| what are 3 sources for scientific evidence |
|
Definition
computerized biomedical databases
clinical practice guidelines
scientific journals |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 computerized biomedical resources |
|
Definition
medline (pubmed)
Cochrane Collaboration |
|
|
Term
| Do clinical practice guidelines tell the patient or clinician which treatment to choose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what form of evidence contains articles which can sometimes be sponsored by commercial underwriting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what form of scientific journals use panels of experts with no financial ties to review the study design, statistics, and conclusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another term for peer-reviewed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 highest levels of evidence? |
|
Definition
systematic reviews
randomized controlled trials |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 limitations of cohort studies? |
|
Definition
they cannot be randomized
loss of subjects over time |
|
|
Term
| what kind of study looks back in time at people who already have a certain condition in order to investigate a risk factor for a disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what study type is used when there is a long lag time between exposure and outcome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a research method that provides a summary of individual research studies that have investigated the same phenomenon or question? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a study where subjects are randomly assigned to either an experimental or control group? |
|
Definition
| randomized controlled trial (RCT) |
|
|
Term
| what is a collection of reports on the treatment of individual patients or reports on a single patient? |
|
Definition
| case series or case report |
|
|
Term
| are there control groups for case reports? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can results from case reports be generalized to the larger population? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are studies conducted in laboratory settings? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| good investigators disclose what information in the discussion section of their study? |
|
Definition
| limitations and bias of the study |
|
|
Term
| when evaluating a study, what 3 questions should asked about the study? |
|
Definition
are the results valid or believable
what are the results
will the results help me in caring for my patients? |
|
|
Term
| what are some examples of signs of periodontal disease? (6) |
|
Definition
gingival erythema
edema
bleeding
loss of attachment
mobility
loss of alveolar bone support |
|
|
Term
| what are some symptoms of periodontal disease? (4) |
|
Definition
pain
itching gums
blood on the pillow
bad taste in the mouth |
|
|
Term
| what is sometimes referred to as the silent disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 4 components to the assessment phase and preliminary therapy? |
|
Definition
assessment data collection
treatment of emergency conditions
medical care of systemic conditions
extraction of hopeless teeth |
|
|
Term
| what is the phase of treatment when education, debridement, preventative therapies, and counseling occur? |
|
Definition
| nonsurgical periodontal therapy (phase I) |
|
|
