Term
|
Definition
Soft-bodied animals
1200-542 mya |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin of arthropods, vertebrates, land plants
542-251 mya |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dinosaurs, birds, mammals
251-65.5 mya |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Invented the system of binomial nomenclature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The branch of biology concerned with classifying organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Plaeontology (study of fossils)
Catastrophism (each boundary between strata represents a catastrophe) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Noted the potential for human population to increase faster than food supplies and other resources |
|
|
Term
| Three necessary conditions for adaptation by natural selection |
|
Definition
1. Individuals must vary in reproductive success
2. Some variation in the trait must be heritable
The trait mustbe correlated with reproductive success |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Similarity resulting from common ancestry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a strutural theme present in a common ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| remnants of features that served important functions in the organism's ancestors |
|
|
Term
| What are evolutionary trees? |
|
Definition
| Hypothesus about the relationships among different groups |
|
|
Term
| When so analogous traits arise? |
|
Definition
| groups independently adapt to similar environments in similar ways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the evolution of similar or analogous features in distantly related groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proposed the principle of uniformitarianism (states that the mechaisms of change are constant over time) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hypothesized that specieis evolve through use and disuse of body parts and the ingeritance of acquired characterstics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Had a theory of natural selection similar to Darwin's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A change in allele frequencies in a population over generations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Measure the average percent of loci that are heterozygous in a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Measured by comparing the DNA sequences of pairs of individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Change in one base in a gene |
|
|
Term
Do prokaryotes or viruses have higher mutation rates?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Localized group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consists of all the alleles for all loci in a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If all individuals in a population are homozygous for the same allele |
|
|
Term
| What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle describe? |
|
Definition
| A population that is NOT evolving |
|
|
Term
| What is the value of the Hardy-Weinberg theorem? |
|
Definition
| Allows us to determine the cause of changes in gene frecquencies |
|
|
Term
| Five conditions for non-evolving populations |
|
Definition
| No mutations, random mating, no natural selection, extremely large population size, no gene flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Random changes in allele frequencies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a few individuals become isolated from a larger population (allele frequencies are different) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sudden reduction in population size due to a change in the environment |
|
|
Term
| Bottleneck Effet: what happens to the resulting gene pool? |
|
Definition
| May no longer be refletive of the original population's gene pool |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Is significant in small populations
2. Causes allele frecquencies to change at random
3. Can lead to a loss of genetic variationwithin populations
4. Can cause harmful alleles to become fixed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement of alleles among populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Favors intermediate variants and acts against extreme phenotypes |
|
|
Term
| When does adaptive evolution occur |
|
Definition
| As the match between an organism and it's environment increases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dinstinction between secondary secual characteristics of males and females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Competition among individuals of one sex (often males) for mates of the opposite sex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Often called mate choice, occurs when individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates |
|
|
Term
| How does diploidy maintain genetic variation? |
|
Definition
| In the form of hidden recessive alleles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when natural seelction maintains stable frecquencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When heterozygotes have a higher fitness than do both homozygotes |
|
|
Term
| Frequency-Dependent Selection |
|
Definition
| The fitness of a phenotype declines if it becomes too common in the population |
|
|
Term
| In frequency-dependent selection, which phenotype is favored? |
|
Definition
| Whicher is less common in a population (e.g. scale-eating cichlids) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genetic variation that appears to confer no selective advantage or disadvantage (e.g. variaiton in noncoding regions of DNA) |
|
|
Term
| 4 Reasons why natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms |
|
Definition
1. Selection can act only on existing variations
2. Evolution is limited by historical constraints
3. Adaptations are often compromises
4. Chance, natural selection, and the environmet interact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consists of adaptations that evolve within a population, confined to one gene pool |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to evolutionary change above the species level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The existence of biologival factors that impede two species from producing viable, fertile offspring |
|
|
Term
| What is a problem of the biological species concept? |
|
Definition
| Cannot be applied to fossils or asexual organisms (including all prokaryotes) |
|
|
Term
| Morphological species concept |
|
Definition
| Defines a species by structural features |
|
|
Term
| Where do we run into problems with the morphological species concept? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ecological Species concept |
|
Definition
| View a species in temr of its ecological niche |
|
|
Term
| Phylogenetic species concept |
|
Definition
| Defines a species as the smallest group of individuals on a phylogenetic tree |
|
|
Term
| Two ways speciation occurs |
|
Definition
| Allopatric speciation, sympatric speciation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gene flow is interrupted or reduced when a population is divided into geographically isolate subpopulations |
|
|
Term
| Repoductive isolation between populations generally increase as.... |
|
Definition
| The distance between them increase |
|
|
Term
| Where deos sympatric speciation take place? |
|
Definition
| In geographically overlapping populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The presence of extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An individual with more than two chromosome sets, derived from one species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is a species with multiple sets of chromosomes derived from different species |
|
|
Term
| Is polyploidy more common in plants or animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Even if contact is restored between two populations, they may not be able to reproduce because? |
|
Definition
| Reproductive isolation may have arose by natural selection, genetic drift, or sexual selection |
|
|
Term
| Sympatric speciation can result from |
|
Definition
| Polyploidy, natural selection, or sexual selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A region in which members of different species mate and produce hybrids |
|
|
Term
| Reinforcement of barriers occurs when... |
|
Definition
| Hybrids are less fit than the parent species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cumulative effect of many speciation and extinction events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aggregates of abiotically produced molecules surounded by a membrane or membrane-like structure |
|
|
Term
| The first genetic material was probably |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The oldest known fossils are |
|
Definition
| Stromatolites (3.5 billion years ago) |
|
|
Term
| What is the origin of mitochondria and plastids |
|
Definition
| Endosymbiotic: they lived in a host cell |
|
|
Term
| Date of the common ancestor of multicellular eukaryotes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first fossils of many animal phyla date to |
|
Definition
| Early cmabrian or late proterozoic |
|
|
Term
| DNA analyses suggest what about many animal phyla |
|
Definition
| That they diverged before the cambrian explosion |
|
|
Term
| When did fungi, plants, and animals begin to colonize land |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The permian extincction was the mass extinction of 96% of waht |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many mass extinctions has there been? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Determine such basic features as where wings and legs will develop on a bird or how a flower's parts are arranged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A class of homeotic genes that provide information during development |
|
|
Term
| Evolution of vertebrates from invertebrate animals was associated with alterations in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specific changes in the Ubx gene can |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationship using fossil, molecular, and genetic data to infer evolutionary relationships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ordered division and naming of organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy |
|
|
Term
| What does the PhyloCode recognize? |
|
Definition
| Only groups that include a common ancestor and all it's descendants |
|
|
Term
| What does a phylogenetic tree represent |
|
Definition
| A hypothesis about evolutionary relationships |
|
|
Term
| What do branch points represent |
|
Definition
| The divergence of two species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Groups that hare an immediate common ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A branch from which more than two groups emerge |
|
|
Term
| Phylogenetic trees DO NOT indicate |
|
Definition
| When species evolved or how much genetic change occurred in a lineage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Similarity due to shared ancestry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Similarity due to convergent evolution |
|
|
Term
| When does convergent evolution occur? |
|
Definition
| When similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Analogous structures or molecular sequences that evolved independently |
|
|
Term
| The more complec two similar structures are, the more likely it is that they are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Groups organisms by common descent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of species that include an ancestral species and all it's descendants |
|
|
Term
| A valid clade is monophyletic, which signifies that |
|
Definition
| It consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants |
|
|
Term
| A paraphyletic groups consists of |
|
Definition
| An ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants |
|
|
Term
| A polyphletic grouping consists of |
|
Definition
| Various species that lack a common ancestor |
|
|
Term
| Why are blackbirds of the genus Agelaius poluphyletic? |
|
Definition
| Becuase they are ecologically and behaviourally similar; this is due to convergent evolution, not recent common ancestry |
|
|
Term
| What kind of characteristic if the four-limbed condition of mammals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of a characteristic if the fur/hair of mammals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shared ancestral character |
|
Definition
| A character that originiated in an ancestor of the taxon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A species or group of species that is closely related to the ingroup |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The various species being studied |
|
|
Term
| The branch length in phylogenetic trees can represent what? |
|
Definition
| The number of genetic changes that have taken place in a particular DNA sequence in that lineage or chronological time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Assumes that the tree that requires that fewest evolutionary events (appearances of shared derived characters) is the most likely |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Given certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Allows us to predict features of an ancestor from features of its descendants |
|
|
Term
| Because mtDNA evolves rapidly, what can it be used to explore? |
|
Definition
| Recent evolutionary events |
|
|
Term
| Because DNA that codes for rRNA changes relatively slowly, what is it useful for? |
|
Definition
| Investigating branching points hundreds of millions of years ago |
|
|
Term
| Comparing nucleic acids or other molecules to infer relatedness is a valuable tool for |
|
Definition
| Tracing organisms' evolutionary history |
|
|
Term
| What does gene duplication do? |
|
Definition
| It increases the number of genes in the genome and provides more opportunities for evolutionary changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in a single copy in the genome and are homologous between species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Result from gene duplication, so are found in more than one copy in the genome (e.g. chorionic gonadotropin genes found in humans) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uses constant rates of evolution in some genes to estimate the absolute time of evolutionary change |
|
|
Term
| In orthologous genes, nucleotide substitutions are proportional to |
|
Definition
| The time since they last shared a common ancestor |
|
|
Term
| In papalogous genes, nucleotide substitutions are proportional to |
|
Definition
| The time since the genes became duplicated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| States that much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and therefore is not influenced by Darwinian selection |
|
|
Term
| Phylogenetic analysis shows that HIV is descended from |
|
Definition
| Viruses that infect chimpanzees and other primates |
|
|
Term
| Are eukaryotes more closely related to archea or bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The movement of genes from one genome to another |
|
|
Term
| What does hoirzonatal gene transwer complicate? |
|
Definition
| Efforts to build a tree of life |
|
|
Term
| What are eukaryote cell walls made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are bacterial cells walls made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibiotics like penicillin target what? |
|
Definition
| Peptidogylcan and damage basterial cell walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to move toward or away from certain stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Why do prokaryotes evolve rapidly? |
|
Definition
| Because of their short generation times |
|
|
Term
| Three factors that contribute to the genetic variation of prokaryotes |
|
Definition
| Rapid reproduction, mutation, genetic recombination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Incorporating foreign DNA from the surrounding environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process where genetic material is transferred between bacterial cells |
|
|
Term
| Where to phototrophs obtain energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do chemotrophs obtain energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do autotrophs require? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do heterotrophs require? |
|
Definition
| An organic nutrient to make organic compounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| required O2 for cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are poisoned by O2 and use germentation or anaerobic respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can survive with or without O2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia |
|
|
Term
| Cooperation between prokaryotes allows |
|
Definition
| Them to use environment resources they could not use as individual cells (heterocytes and photosynthetic cells in cyanobacterium) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Archea that live in extreme environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Live in highly saline environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thrive in very hot environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Live in swamps and marches and produce mathane as a waste product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A proteobacteria that infects about half the world's population and causes stomach ulcers and stomach cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parasites that live within animal cells and cause blindness and nongonococcal urethritis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacteria that are helical heterotrophs and cause syphillis and lyme disease |
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotes play a major role in |
|
Definition
| The recylcing of chemical elements between the living and nonliving components of ecosystems |
|
|
Term
| Chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes function as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An ecological relationship in which two species lie in close contact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Both symbiotic organisms benefit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One organism benefits while neither harming nor helping the other in any significant way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organism called parasite harms but does not kill its host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cause disease even in the prokaryotes that produce them are not present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment |
|
|
Term
| Principle agents in bioremediation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Five supergroups of Eukaryotes |
|
Definition
| Excavata, Chromalveolata, Rhizaria, Archaeplastida, Unikonta |
|
|
Term
| Excavata is characterized by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modified mitochondia called mitosomes, derive energy anaerobically, have two equal sized nuclei and multiple flagella, are often parasites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reduced hydrogenosomes that generate some energy anaeobically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spiral or crystalline rod of unknown function inside their flagella (includes kinetoplastics and euglenids) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Have a single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Have membrane bounded savs called alveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parasites of animals and some cause serious human diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The parasite that causes malaria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thr largest and most complex algae (seaweeds) |
|
|
Term
| Alternation of generations |
|
Definition
| The alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid forms |
|
|
Term
| What was responsible for the Irish potato famine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the closest relatives of land plants? |
|
Definition
| Red algae and green algae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| At least 475 millions years ago |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Naked seed" plants, including conifers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Embryo and nurtients surrounded by a protective coat |
|
|
Term
| During the first 100 millions years of plant evolution, what were the prevalent vegatation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did vascular plants begin to diversify |
|
Definition
| During the devonian and carboniferous periods |
|
|
