generalizations from specific facts

used to generate a hypothesis

makes predictions based on generalizations

used to test a hypothesis

the fact that ll life functions similarly

     ex: uses of DNA and RNA in the cells

we share this because of a common ancestor

1. cellular respiration, glucose oxidized, ATP formed

2. active transport biosynthesis

3. reproduction

4. cell processing according to environment

1. large water filled sacs

2. can take up to 80% of the cell's volume

3. sometimes contains waste

1. center for photosunthesis

2. contains: thylakoids/grana, stroma, plastids, inner and outer membrane

1. support/structure of cell

2. inside is coated by the plasma membrane

3. animal cells DONT have it

4. made of cellulose fibers embedded in polysaccharides and proteins

5. protects the cell

6. prevents excess water uptake

1. thicker

2. adjacent to the plasma membrane

3. contains lignin which hardens it

4. reduces water loss

5. not all cells have it

1. "standar" plant cell

2. no secondary cell wall

3. no lignin

4. living at maturity

5. photosynthesis, food storage, pigmentation, defense

6. type of plastid

(inside potaot cell)

act as storage, large

(red pepper)

provide pigmentation

(green plants)

photosynthesis, double membrane, color contained in thylakoids

1. uneven primary cell thickness

2. no secondary wall

3. support for herbaceous stems/woody plants

4. alive in order to serve its purpose

ex: celery strands

1. very strong secondary cell walls

2. lignified, resistant to degredations

3. dead at maturity

4. support, protection

1. secondary cell walls

2. lignified

3. dead at maturity

4. support "rebar of the plant"

1. secondary cell walls

2. lignified

3. dead at maturity

4. water and mineral transport

5. vessel elements are stacked end to end

6. small pits for lateral movement

1. secondary cell wall

2. lignified

3. dead at maturity

4. water and mineral transport

5. tapered end walls

6. pits for lateral movement

7. smaller than the vessel elements (still visible to naked eye)

1. not lignified

2. living at maturity

3. movement of sugars from top of plant to roots

4. found in flowering plants

1. sieve tube elements

2. companion cells

3. parenchyma: storage and translocation

4. conducts food from leaves downwards

5. SOMETIMES schlerenchyma fibers and sclereids for support

6. sieve tube elements and companion cells

1. vessel elements

AND/OR

2. tracheids

3.parenchyma

4. sclerenchyma

5. conducts water & dissolved minerals from roots to leaves

1. epidermal or peridermal layers - epidermal cells, trichomes, guard cells, root hairs etc

2, protection

3. guard cells for gas exchange

4. surround entire plant body

5. usually waterproof

6. 1 to several layers thick

7. cells interlcok with each other like puzzle

8. most are functional plastids

1. open growth - continues throughout life

2. plant growth occurs through cell division (mitosis) and enlargement (mainly water uptake)

3. cell division, ellongation (width length and branching) take place in meristematic regions

4. site of active mitosis - THESE SITES ARE PERMANENTLY EMBRYONIC

5. source of primary growth comes

6. source of all cells (they later differentiate into different types of cells)

1. increase in length (primary growth)

2. tips of shoots (buds containing small embryonic shoots)

3. tips of roots

1. derived from the Apical meristem

2. protoderm (produces epidermis)

3. ground meristem (produces cortex and other ground tissue)

4. procambium (produces vascular tissue)

1. large nuclei (often dividing)

2. small vacuoles

3. undifferentiated (lack structural complexity)

4. thin primary wall only

5. regular shape and small size

1. epidermis

2. cortex (ground tissue)

3. vascular bundles

4. pith (ground tissue)

1. epidermis

2. vascular bundles

3. ground tissue

1. increase in girth (width)

2. vacular cambium (in angiosperm, only in SOME dicots)

3. cork cambium (produces bark)

secondary growth

evaporative loss of water from plant shoot

• helps move water to upper parts of plants
• cools leaves warmed by sun's energy

1. solute potential - 0 for pure water, becomes more negative with higher concentrations of solute
2. pressure potential

single cell layer responsible for lateral growth, produces secondary xylem and phloem

forms ring around the stem

pressure potential

Are the cell walls stretchy?

lowers it! ex: 100% humidity = 0 MPa, 20% = -218 MPa

warm water holds more water than cold air!

2 guard cells, when turgid, they bow out and allow for an opening, when they are flaccid, they close

become turgid/flaccid through osmosis

guard cells ATP to create an electrochemical gradient - ions enter, raising solute potential inside cell, water enters, stomata opens

proton gradient stops, ions exit, water follows, stomata closes

source (of sugar) = stem and leaves

sink = roots or shoots of plants