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| Personality structure, by Freud, that exists at birth and houses both sexual and aggressive drives, physical needs, and simple psychological needs |
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| set of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive tendencies that people display over time and across situations that distinguish individuals from each other |
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| Personality structure, by Freud, that is formed during early childhood and houses the sense of right and wrong, based on internalization of parental and cultural morality |
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| Personality structure, by Freud, that develops in childhood and tries to balance the competing demands of the id, superego, and reality |
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| Freud's developmental stages based on erogenous zones; the specific needs of each stage must be met for its successful resolution |
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| An unconscious psychological means by which a person tries to prevent unacceptable thoughts or urges from reaching conscious awareness |
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| Defense mechanism that occurs when the unconscious prevents threatening thoughts, impulses, and memories from entering consciousness |
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| An innate motivation to attain the highest possible emotional and intellectual potential |
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| Unconditioned positive regard |
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| Acceptance without any conditions |
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| A relatively consistent characteristic exhibited in different situations. |
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| The five superfactors of personality- extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness- determined by factor analysis |
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| Perceived threat to well-being |
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| Stimulus that throws the body's equilibrium out of balance |
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| The bodily changes that occur to help a person cope with a stressor; aka Fight or Flight response |
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| a stressor of short term duration |
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| a stressor of long term duration |
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| General adaptation syndrome |
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| Overall stress response that has three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion |
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| The first phase of the GAS,in which a stressor is perceived and the fight or flight response is activated |
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| The second phase of GAS, in which the body mobilizes its resources to achieve equilibrium, despite the continued presence of the stressor; aka adaptation phase |
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| The final stage of the GAS, in which the continued stress response itself becomes damaging to the body |
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| Approach-Approach conflict |
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| The internal conflict that occurs when competing alternatives are equally positive |
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| Avoidance- avoidance conflict |
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Definition
| The internal conflict that occurs when competing alternatives are equally unpleasant |
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| Approach-avoidance conflict |
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Definition
| The internal conflict that occurs when a course of action has both positive and negative aspects |
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| Personality trait associated with heart disease and characterized by mistrust, an expectation of harm and provocation by others, and a cynical attitude |
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| Coping focused on changing the environment itself or the way the person interacts with the environment |
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| coping focused on changing the person's emotional response to the stressor |
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| The coping strategy that involves purposefully trying not to think about something emotionally arousing or distressing |
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| Drug or alcohol use that causes distress or trouble with functioning in major ares of life, occurs in dangerous situations, or leads to legal difficulties |
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| Chronic Substance abuse that is characterized by seven symptoms, the two most important being tolerance and withdrawal |
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| the help and support gained through interacting with others |
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| Presence of a constellation of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that create significant distress |
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| sensory image so vivid that they seem real |
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| Entrenched false beliefs that are often bizarre |
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| a way of understanding the development of a psychological disorder, in which a predisposition to a given disorder and specific factors combine to trigger the onset of the disorder |
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| A category of disorders marked by persistent or episodic disturbances in emotion that interfere with normal functioning in at least one realm of life |
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| Major Depressive Disorder |
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Definition
| A mood disorder characterized by at least 2 weeks of depressed mood or loss of interest in nearly all activities, along with sleep or eating disturbances, loss of energy, and feelings of hopelessness |
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| a mood disorder marked by one or more episodes of either mania or hypomania, often alternating with periods of depression. |
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| A period of at least 1 week during which an abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood persists |
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| a category of disorders whose hallmark is intense or pervasive anxiety or fear, or extreme attempts to avoid these feelings |
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| Generalized anxiety disorder |
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| an anxiety disorder whose hallmark is excessive anxiety and worry that is not consistently related to a specific object or situation |
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| Episode of intense hear or discomfort accompanied by physical and psychological symptoms |
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| an anxiety disorder whose hallmark is panic attacks or fear and avoidance of such attacks |
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| a condition in which people fear or avoid places that might be difficult to leave should panic symptoms occur |
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| a fear and avoidance of an object or situation extreme enough to interfere with everyday life |
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| Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) |
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Definition
| anxiety disorder marked by the presence of obsessions, and sometimes compulsions |
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Definition
| recurrent and persistent thought, impulse, or image that feels intrusive and inappropriate and is difficult to suppress or ignore |
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| repetitive behavior or mental act that an individual feels compelled to perform in response to an obsession |
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| Post traumatic Stress disorder (PTSD) |
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| an anxiety disorder experienced by some people after a traumatic event and whose symptoms include persistent re-experiencing of the trauma, avoidance of anything associated with the trauma, and heightened arousal |
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| a psychotic disorder in which the patient's affect, behavior, and thoughts are profoundly altered. |
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| eating disorder characterized by the refusal to maintain even a low normal weight, and an intense fear of gaining weight |
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| eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating , followed by some attempt to prevent weight gain |
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| category of disorders in which relatively stable personality traits are inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress or difficulty with daily functioning |
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| a less intensive form of psychoanalysis |
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| a technique used in psychoanalysis and psycho dynamic therapy in which the patient says whatever comes to mind and the train of thought reveals the patients issues and ways of dealing with them |
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| technique used in psychoanalysis and psycho dynamic therapy in which the therapist examines the content of dreams to gain access to the unconscious |
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| type of insight-oriented therapy that focuses on people's potential for growth and the importance of an empathic therapist |
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| according to client-centered therapy, a mismatch between a person's real self and his or her ideal self |
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| a type of therapy, based on well-researched learning principle, that focuses on changing observable, measurable behaviors |
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| Systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| behavior therapy technique that teaches people to be relaxed in the presence of a feared object or situation |
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| Progressive muscle relaxation |
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| relaxation technique whereby the person relaxes muscles sequentially from one end of the body to the other |
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| a therapeutic technique based on classical conditioning that rests on the principle of habituation |
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| behavior therapy technique that involves controlling the exposure to a stimulus that elicits a conditioned response, so as to decrease or increase the frequency of the response |
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| category of therapeutic techniques for changing behavior based on operant conditioning principles |
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| type of therapy that focuses on the client's thoughts rather than his or her feelings or behaviors |
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| irrational thoughts that arise from a systematic bias in the way a person thinks about reality |
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| the process of helping clients shift their thinking away from the focus on automatic, dysfunctional thoughts to more realistic ones |
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| use of medication to treat psychological disorders and problems |
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| electroconvulsive therapy |
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| use of an electric current to induce a controlled brain seizure in people with certain psychological disorders such as psychotic depression or those for whom medication has not been effective or recommended |
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| therapy modality in which an individual client is treated by a single therapist |
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| therapy modality in which a number of clients with compatible needs meet together with one or two therapists |
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| therapy modality in which a family is treated |
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