Term
|
Definition
| A critique of modern social order that emphasizes exploitative class interests; it aims to change and not simply to understand society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the culture of the early (pre-AD 1660) British colonies that emphasized the group rather than the individual and in which the line between culture and nature was blurred; people were seen as conforming to nature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A worldview (ca. 1660/1680-1820) arising in the European Age of Reason and implying that the world has a single basic, immutable order. Using the powers of reason, people can discover what the order is and can thereby control the environment as they wish. The Georgian Order is informed by the rise of scientific thought and by the balance and order in Renaissance architecture and art. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of human behavior through material remains, in which written history in some way affects its interpretation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a relationship of shared group identity which can be reasonably traced historically or prehistorically between a present day Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization and an identifiable earlier group |
|
|
Term
| Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) |
|
Definition
| 1990. protects Indian graves on federal and tribal lands, prohibits the commercial selling of native dead bodies, recognizes tribal authority of treatment of unmarked graves, requires an inventory and repatriation of human remains held by the federal government and institutions that recieve federal funding, requires them to return innapropriatley acquired sacred objects and other important community owned property to native owners, and creates a process to determine ownership of human remains found on federal and tribal property after November 16, 1990 |
|
|
Term
| Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict |
|
Definition
| An international agreement that provides rules for the protection of antiquities in wartime |
|
|
Term
| UNESCO convention of 1970 |
|
Definition
| Requiers that signers create legislation and the administrative structure to regulate the import and export of cultural objects, forbid their nations' museums from acquiring illegally exported cultural objects, establish ways to inform other nations when illegally exported objects are found w/i a country's borders, return or otherwise provide restitution of cultural objects stolen from public institutions, and establish a register of art dealers and require them to register |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stone tablet found in egypt in 1799, it has an inscriptian in both Egyptian and Greek, lead to scholars being able to translate Egyptian |
|
|
Term
| (ARPA) Archeological Resource Protection Act |
|
Definition
| 1979, prohibits the excavation or removal of artifacts from federal property without a permit, prohibits the sale, exchange, or transport of illegally aquired artifacts, and increased the penalties for violators of the Antiquities Act |
|
|
Term
| Area of Potential Effect (APE) |
|
Definition
| area directly or indirectly affected by construction |
|
|
Term
| National Register of Historic Places |
|
Definition
| a list of historic and prehistoric properties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unique and nonrenewable sources. both natural and artificial features associated wirth human activity with significance for history, architecture, and human development |
|
|
Term
| National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) |
|
Definition
| 1966. created the National Register of Historical Places, Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, State Historic Preservation Offices, and a process to mitigate the impact of development, requires that government agencies provide good stewardship of their cultural resouces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1906, required federal permits before excavating on federal land, established a permitting process, and gave the president the abiltiy to create national monuments |
|
|
Term
| Cultural Resource Management |
|
Definition
| professional field that conducts activites including archeology related to compliance w/ legislation aimed at conserving cultural resurces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A religion in which one's deceased ancestors server as important intermediaris between the natural and supernatural |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form of intensive agriculture, low mounds built by the Aztecs, piling up sediments from the bottom of shallow lakes and marshes to form islands of arable land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beliefs that are often political, religious, or cosmological in nature, that rationalizes expliotive relations between classes or social groups |
|
|
Term
| warfare and circumscription hypothesis |
|
Definition
| Robert Carniero. origin of the state to he administrative burden of warfare conducted for conquest as a response to geographic limits on arable land in the face of rising population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Karl Wittfogel. origin of the state to the administrative demands on irrigation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stone tools, ceramics, domesticated plants and animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a broad arc of mountains in Isreal, Jordan ,Iraq, Syria, and Iran. wild wheat, barley, domesticated plants found today |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| climatic interval 13,00-11,600 BP rapid return to cooler and drier, highly variable climactic conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cultural manifestation in the Levant (SW Fertile Crescent) 14,500-11,600 BP 1st appearance of settled village, trade goods, early cultivation of domesticated wheat, no pottery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes in social systems are best understood as mutual natural selection among components rather than as a linear cause-effect sequence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of energy acquired by a forager per unit of harvest/processing time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| foragers select food that optimize the return rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| # of people that a unit of land can support under a particular technology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Southern Mexico plant, wild ancestor of maize |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Robert Braidword. agriculture arose in areas where wild ancesters of doesticated wheat and barley grow. agricultures appeared because of people's efforts to continue to increase the productivity and stability of their food base, and they were ready |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the result of popuulation reaching carrying capacity |
|
|
Term
| density-equillibriam model |
|
Definition
| proposed by Binford, agriculture came from population pressure in favorable environments that resulted in emigration to marginal lands, where agriculture was needed to increase productivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hand tools used only, in which plots of land are used for a few years and then allowed to lie fallow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cultivation using draft animals, machinery or hand tools in which plots are used annually, often entails fertilizer, irrigation, and land reclimation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gordon Childe. animal domestication arose as people, plants, and animals, congregated around water sources during the arid years that followed the pleistocene. sais that agriculture aros from some genius that preceded animal domestication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| social formations that lie between egalitarian and ranked societies (chiefdoms) normally horticulturalists and sedentary w/ a higher level of competition than seen in hunter/gatherer society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| centralized political system found in complex societies, characterized by having a virtual monopoly on the power to coerce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complex urban society with a high level of cultural achievement in the arts and sciences, craft specialization, a surplus of food and/or labor, and a hierarchically stratified social organization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the attitude or belief that one own's culture is superior to any other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each culture is the product of a unique sequence of developments in which chance plays a major role in bringing about changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| belief that each culture is the product of a unique sequence of developments in which chance plays a major role in bringing about change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process through which some individuals survive and reproduce at higher rates than others because of their genetic heritage; leads to the perpetuation of certain qualities at the expense of others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conflict between societies and between classes of the same society benefits humanity in the long run by removing unfit individuals and social forms. unfettered economic competition and warfare were primary ways to determine which societies were fittest |
|
|
Term
| Unilineal Cultural Evolution |
|
Definition
| anthropologicaly incorect idea that culture has evolved in a straight trajectory, depeicts western society as top |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| idea that the world's existing peoples reflect different stages of human cultural evolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One who has the ability to contact the spirit world through trance, possession, or visions. Invokes, manipulates, or coereces the power of the spirits to socially recognizable ends both good or ill |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ritual in which a person seeks to have a vision though dehydration, starvation, and exposure, considered in some cultures to be a way to communicate with the supernatural world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a natural object often an animals that a lineage or clan believes itself to be descended from and/or which lineage or clan members have a special relation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| doing something to an image of an object causes the desired effect on the actual object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| human culture is the expression of unconscious modes of thought and reasoning, notably binary opposition. claud levi-strauss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cave art in Spain. 18,000-12,000. carved tools of reindeer bone and horn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A shrine in which a deity reveals hidden knowledge or divine purpose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
