Planning – Planning types and models management by objectives, single use, standing (ongoing) &Contingencyspecific situation - uncontrollable/ scenario anticipate situation/ crisis plans prevention, preparation, containment

Decision making– Types of decisions: programmed & non-programmed, Conditions: certainty, risk, uncertainty, ambiguity & Decision making models classical - rational (logical), administrative (nonprogrammed, ambiguous, uncertainty), political (inconsistent viewpoints)/ Personal decision-making framework directive, analytical, conceptual, behavioural

The external environment

General - outer most layer of external enviro, affects org indirectly

• sociological, political/legal, economic, technological, international & sometimes natural
• INTERNATIONAL - represents events originating in foreign countries & opportunities for local organisations in other countries
• TECHNOLOGICAL - includes scientific and technological advancements in industry and society at large
• SOCIOCULTURAL - represents the demographic characteristics, norms, customs & values of population, relevant to the org's area of operation
• ECONOMIC - represents overall health of country or region in which the org functions
• LEGAL/POLITICAL - includes federal, state & local govt regulations / political activities designed to control org behaviour
• NATURAL - the natural enviro i.e. plants, animals, rocks, natural resources (air, water,climate) and natural disaster

Task - next layer of external, affects org directly

• includes: customers, competitors, suppliers & labour market
• CUSTOMERS - people & organisations in the enviro who acquire goods/services from the org
• COMPETITORS - other orgs in the same industry / type of business that provide goods/ services to the same set of customers
• SUPPLIERS - provide the raw materials the org uses to produce its outputs
• LABOUR MARKET - the people available for hire by the org

Corporate culture

• shared knowledge, beliefs, values and ways of thinking that develop within the org and guides behaviour of members
• artefacts (visible), values (invis) and underlying assumptions (invis)
• symbols, stories, heroes, slogans and ceremonies
• must adapt accordingly to external enviro - match strategic focus to needs for enviro i.e. external/internal & flexibillty/stability

Definitions the process of initiating a business venture, organising necessary resources and assuming associated risks and rewards 

process of recognising the need for innovation & promoting it within an organisation Why / Benefits job creation, organisational innovation & diversityGuidelines for success an individual, market opp, adequate resources, business org, favourable enviro