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Definition
––participant pushes a button quickly after a light appears
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| participant pushes one button if light is on right side, another if light is on left side |
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–Read list of nonsense syllables aloud many times to determine number of repetitions necessary to repeat list without errors
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| Savings = [(initial repetitions) – (relearning repetitions)] / (initial repetitions) |
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| First psychology laboratory |
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| Wundt (1879) Analytic introspection: |
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| participants trained to describe experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli |
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| no study of mind, only behavior |
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| Watson- Classical Conditioning |
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Classical conditioning of fear
9-month-old became frightened by a rat after a loud noise was paired with every presentation of the rat |
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Definition
Shape behavior by rewards or punishments
Behavior that is rewarded is more likely to be repeated
Behavior that is punished is less likely to be repeated |
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Argued children do not only learn language through imitation and reinforcement
Children say things they have never heard and can not be imitating
Children say things that are incorrect and have not been rewarded for
Language must be determined by an inborn biological program |
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| Tolman believed that the rats had created a cognitive map of the maze and were navigating to a specific arm |
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| To understand complex cognitive behaviors: |
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Measure observable behavior
Make inferences about underlying cognitive activity
Consider what this behavior says about how the mind works |
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| Transcendental method of Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) |
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Work backward from observations to determine cause
An analogy can also be made to a physicist studying electrons, which cannot be directly seen |
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| Information-processing approach |
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| A way to study the mind created from insights associated with the digital computer |
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Flow diagram representing what happens as a person directs attention to one stimulus
Unattended information does not pass through the filter |
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Present message A in left ear
Present message B in right ear
To ensure attention, shadow one message |
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| nfer process through behavior: memory span |
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| Physiological (Cognitive Neuroscience) approach |
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| Measure the brain: Anarthia, fMRI results |
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| the study of the physiological basis of cognition |
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Recognize loved ones, but think they are impostors
May think they were kidnapped (or worse!)
May even see slight “defects” |
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| Capgras Damage association areas |
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| Associated with amygdala and prefrontal cortex damage |
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| Conflict between perception and emotion |
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Basic Rhythms (heartbeat, respiration)
Cerebellum (movement, balance, sensory) |
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i. Cerebral cortex
1. Fissures
2. Lobes
a. Occipital
b. Parietal
c. Temporal
d. Frontal
ii. Subcortical structures
1. Thalamus & Hypothalamus
2. Limbic System |
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| Frontal Lobe of Cerebral Cortex |
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Definition
Reasoning and planning
Language, thought, memory, motor functioning |
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Definition
| Touch, temperature, pain, and pressure |
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Auditory and perceptual processing
Language, hearing, memory, perceiving forms |
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| contralateral organization |
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| The left side of the body or perceptual world has more representation on the right side of the brain, and vice versa |
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Definition
Severing of the corpus callosum
Treatment of epilepsy
Limits right-left communication |
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| Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) |
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Definition
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Term
| Parahippocampal place area (PPA) |
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Definition
| responds specifically to places (indoor/outdoor scenes) |
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Definition
| responds specifically to faces |
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| Extrastriate body area (EBA) |
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Definition
| responds specifically to pictures of bodies and parts of bodies |
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Definition
| Language comprehension is impaired by damage to W a |
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| Language production is impaired by damage to |
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| Primary projection areas of the cortex: |
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Definition
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| Damage to association cortex results in problems with: |
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Definition
Apraxia – movement
Agnosia –identifying objects
Aphasia –language
Neglect syndrome – ignoring half the visual world
Prefrontal damage –planning, strategic thinking, inhibition |
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Definition
Occipital-parietal pathway
If damaged: Problems with reaching for seen objects |
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Definition
Occipital-temporal pathway
If damaged: Visual agnosia |
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Definition
| Specialized for spatial analysis and detailed form |
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Definition
| Specialized for motion analysis and depth perception |
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| Elements that help solve the binding problem |
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Definition
Spatial position
Reassembling of pieces references position
Neural synchrony
The rhythms of neurons that are firing in response to the same item (some for color, some for motion, etc.) tend to be in sync |
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Definition
| Parallel processing splits up problem |
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Definition
| absorbing raw energy (e.g., light waves, sound waves) through our sensory organs |
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Definition
| conversion of this energy to neural signals |
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| concentration of mental energy to process incoming information |
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| selecting, organizing, and interpreting these signals |
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Perception may start with the senses
Incoming raw data
Energy registering on receptors |
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Definition
Perception may start with the brain
Person’s knowledge, experience, expectations |
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| Recognition-by-components theory (RBC) |
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Definition
We perceive objects by perceiving elementary features
Geons: three-dimensional volumes
Objects are recognized when enough information is available to identify object’s geons |
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| Although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional, depth perception allows us to create mental images of objects in 3-D, and to judge distance |
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| By comparing images from the two eyeballs, the brain can calculate the distance – the greater the disparity, the closer the object |
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| making inferences based on context, guessing from experience, and basing one perception on another |
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| Retinal disparity is a _______ cue of depth |
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Definition
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Definition
1. Relative size
2. Interposition
3. Relative motion
4. Light and shadow
5. Linear perspective |
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| Hemholtz Unconscious Inference |
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Definition
| We infer much of what we know about the |
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| We tend to see shapes/lines as being continuous even when occluded |
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| Law of good figure (simplicity or prägnanz) |
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Definition
| Every stimulus pattern is seen so the resulting structure is as simple as possible |
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| Similar things appear grouped together |
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| Things near each other appear grouped together |
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| We tend to perceive closed figures rather than incomplete ones |
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| the small elements that result from the organized perception of form |
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ZAPS results
Feature search: |
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Definition
| can use one feature (color, etc.) to find target |
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Definition
| need to find combination of features to find target (color + shape) |
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Serial Search:
Search every stimulus one by one for target |
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Definition
| Search every stimulus one by one for target |
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Definition
Target stimulus “pops out” from the rest
RT does not depend on display size (or is dependent to a much lesser degree) |
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| parietal cortex damage results in |
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Definition
| difficulty in judging how more than one feature is bound together in objects |
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| High frequency words recognized better |
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| Recently viewed words recognized better |
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| response when asked whether “DARK” has an “E” or a “K” more accurate than when “E” or “K” presented alone |
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| (“TRUM” instead of “TPUM” |
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| Feature Net can explain the word frequency effect and repetition priming |
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Definition
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| ventral stream (what pathway) |
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Definition
| refers to the visual paths in the temporal cortex. |
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| dorsal stream (where pathway) |
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Definition
| refers to the visual path in the parietal cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
One function is lost, another remains
Example: Monkey A has damage to temporal lobe. This monkey is no longer able to identify objects (what) but can still identify locations (where) |
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Definition
Requires two individuals with different damage and opposite deficits
Example: Monkey A with temporal lobe damage has intact where but impaired what; Monkey B with parietal lobe damage has intact what but impaired where |
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Definition
| is the inability to recognize objects despite satisfactory vision. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a type of agnosia also known as face blindness |
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Definition
Composite faces
Harder to process just the top or just the bottom when the faces are aligned (A) |
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Definition
| focus on one object, exclude others |
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| attending to more than one thing (multitasking) |
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Definition
Change in gender is noticed.
Change in tone is noticed.
People do notice something about this and process protions of that infomration |
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Term
i. Dichotic Listening
1. What can be reported, what cannot? |
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Definition
Participants could not report the content of the message in unattended ear
Knew that there was a message (vs. music or silence)
Knew the gender of the speaker, tone of voice (high/low, soft/loud) |
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Definition
Filters message before incoming information is analyzed for meaning
Broadment says only the process you are attending to gets processed for memory. Evrything else gets thrown out |
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| problems with Broadbent's model? |
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Definition
How Participant’s name gets through
Participants can shadow meaningful messages that switch from one ear to another
Effects of practice on detecting information in unattended ear |
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| Intermediate-selection model (Treismans Attenuation model) |
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Definition
Attended message can be separated from unattended message early in the information-processing system
Selection can also occur later |
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Definition
| Analyzes incoming message in terms of physical characteristics, language, and meaning |
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| Attenuator Attended messages |
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Definition
Attended to message is let through the attenuator at full strength
Unattended message is let through at a much weaker strength |
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| Contains words, each of which have thresholds for being activated |
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Definition
| The meaning of the biasing word affected participants’ choice |
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Definition
| a stimulus that is not attended is not perceived, even though a person might be looking directly at it. |
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Definition
| if shown two versions of a picture, differences between them are not immediately apparent |
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Term
| 3. Relationship between attention and conscious perception |
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Definition
| no conscious perception without attention |
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Term
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Definition
| how much of a person’s cognitive resources are used to accomplish a task |
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| Flanker-Compatibility Task |
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Definition
| Can participants focus their attention on detecting the target so that the identity of the distractor will not affect their performance? |
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Definition
| support early selection. Harder the task less likely to process unattended info. |
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Definition
support late selection
Less complex stimuli take less effort, so even the unattended information is processes to an extent |
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Definition
| The fucked up color/word test |
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Definition
| attention being directed to one particular spatial location |
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Definition
| attention being directed to one particular object |
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Term
| Unilateral neglect syndrome |
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Definition
Damage to the right parietal lobe
Cannot attend to the left side of space |
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Term
| Neglect symptoms support the idea of location-based attention |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Participants saw two side-by-side rectangles, followed by a target cue
Cue was either:
In the location where the target would be
Not in the location where the target would be, but in the same rectangle
Not in the location where the target would be and not in the same rectangle
In conditions 2 and 3, the misleading cue was the same distance from the target |
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Definition
Patients can only focus on one “object” at a time.
Connecting piece makes it easier for patients to process both color dots. Without they only see one color |
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Definition
Executive control:
Involved in working memory
Keeps desired goal in mind. Keeping attended.
Serves to inhibit automatic responses that get in the way of what you’re actually trying to do. |
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Term
| prefrontal cortex (PFC) is particularly important to executive control |
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Definition
| Patients with prefrontal damage show perseveration errors as well as goal neglect |
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| Consistent mapping condition: |
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Definition
target would be numbers, and distractors would be letters
Over time, participants became able to divide their attention |
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| Varied mapping condition: |
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Definition
rules changed from trial to trial
Over time, participants never achieved automatic processing |
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Definition
| participants paid close attention, and their search was slow and controlled |
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Definition
| occurs without intention and only uses some of a person’s cognitive resources |
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