From outermost to innermost, what are the 3 layers of skin?

Epidermis, Dermis, and Subcutaneous

Which type of burn penetrates the deepest?

Electrical burn

At which burn degree is there a high risk for contractures?

3rd Degree/Full thickness

Amputation may be needed at which burn degree, and why?

4th Degree, because the burn may penetrate the muscles, tendons, and bones

How is the Lund-Browder chart different from the Rule of Nine? (2 ways)

The Lund-Browder chart takes into account the different ages of the patients and is used for those who have a more proportional body surface area

What are some ways that OT can help in the burn recovery process?

• Splinting
• Edema Management - compression garments
  
• Self-care activities; feeding
• Exercise - PROM to prevent contractures
• Hypertrophic scar management

What type of burn is caused by Radiation?

Chemical

What variable is spasticity dependent on?

Velocity

What is the difference between Type I and Type II diabetes?

Type I - also known as childhood/juvenile diabetes. is autoimmune disorder (pancreas cannot make insulin due to being attacked by own cells). Is not preventable

Type II - adult onset diabetes, is preventable, can be treated by diet management, exercise, medication.

What are some OT interventions for a patient with diabetes?

• Reduce chance of cutting oneself - buy pre-chopped veggies
• Skin inspection - check for open wounds
• Healthy eating
• Safety, safety, safety!

How to differentiate between Decorticate vs. Decerebrate rigidity?  (in terms of posture)

Decorticate: elbows flexed

Decerebrate: elbows extended and forearm pronated

What are the 3 main parts of the brain?

Forebrain, hindbrain, and brainstem

From outer to inner, what are the 3 meninges called?

Dura mater (think "Durable"), Arachnoid, and Pia Mater

What are some functions of the Cerebrospinal fluid?

Protection (acts as cushion), deliver nutrients, remove waste

What are some complications of diabetes?

Nerve damage > causes Loss of sensation

Poor circulation > poor wound healing > gangrene and amputation

High blood sugar > Damage to blood vessels > Diabetic retinopathy

Hypo-/hyperglycemia or Diabetic Ketoacidosis > Diabetic coma > death

What are the 3 levels of spasticity?

Mild, Moderate, and Severe

What are the 3 types of Rigidity?

Lead pipe, Clasp knife, and Cog wheel

How does Rigidity differ from Spasticity? (2 ways)

Does not depend on velocity (tone is consistently high regardless of speed of movement)

High tone in both agonist and antagonist muscles (whereas spasticity - antagonist only)

What causes an Ischemic Stroke? a Hemorrhagic stroke?

Ischemic - caused by blockage of blood flow to brain

Hemorrhagic - caused by rupture of blood vessel delivering blood to brain

What do you call a "Mini stroke?" Why do you have to go to the hospital even if the effects do

not last more than 24 hours?

Transient Ischemic Attack

Is likely to become a full blown stroke if not treated

What does the acronym BEFAST stand for?

Balance, Eyes, Face, Arms, Speech, Time

What are some OT interventions for stroke survivors?

• Normalize the tone
• Positioning - prevent contractures, help trunk stay upright, and support affected UE to prevent subluxation
• Gentle PROM, AROM, self- and active-assisted ROM exercises
• Sensory and cognitive retraining

"AAO x 4" means the person is...

Awake, Alert, and Oriented x 4 (Person, Place, Time, Situation)

What is the difference between focused attention and sustained attention?

Focused attention - being able to stay on task

Sustained attention - being able to stay on task for prolonged amount of time (10 + minutes)

A patient who is a high fall risk lacks:

A) Sequencing

B) Concrete Thinking

C) Insight and Judgment

D) Abstract Thinking

C) Insight and judgment

Because they are not aware of their own limitations (insight) or are unable to make the right decision based on the information given (judgment)

There are 2 main approaches to treating patients with cognitive deficits: Remedial/Restorative and Adaptive. Describe each one.

Remedial/restorative: implies neuroplasticity, uses cognitive retraining in the form of tabletop activities and pencil/paper tasks. Preferred for pts. with mild* cognitive impairment

Adaptive approach: make do with what you have. Use external strategies for memory such as cue cards, labelling, and pacing the activity