Term
| Most animals need to digest food into small molecules that can |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Digestion provides the energy needed to carry out |
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Definition
| routine metabolic activities and maintain homeostasis. |
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Term
| Digestion provides the energy needed to carry out |
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Definition
| routine metabolic activities and maintain homeostasis. |
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Term
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Definition
| ingests food, breaks down food into small molecules that can cross plasma membranes, absorbs these nutrient molecules, and eliminates nondigestible remains. |
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Term
| Planarians are organisms with an |
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Definition
| incomplete digestive tract, a single opening (usually called a mouth). |
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Term
| carnivorous and feed largely on smaller aquatic animals |
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Definition
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Term
| The digestive system of planaria contains only |
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Definition
| a mouth, a pharynx, and an intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| pharynx extends far beyond the mouth to suck up minute quantities at one time. |
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Term
| Digestive enzymes in the tract allow(planaria) |
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Definition
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Term
| The digestive system lacks(planaria) |
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Definition
| regions of specialized function |
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Term
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Definition
| digestive system all together |
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Term
| tape worms absorb food through |
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Definition
| body wall with modified microscopic projections that absorb nutrients from the host |
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Term
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Definition
| complete digestive system |
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Term
| The digestive system is composed of a tube with a mouth and an anus |
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Definition
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Term
| feed on decayed organic matter in the soil |
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Definition
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Term
| Different regions of the gut have specialized functions |
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Definition
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Term
| A muscular pharynx draws in food with sucking action |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| storage area with expansive walls |
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Term
| The gizzard has(earthworm) |
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Definition
| thick muscular walls to grind food |
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Term
| Digestion occurs in the (earthworms) |
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Definition
| intestine, outside of cells or “extracellular.” |
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Term
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Definition
| The surface area for absorption is increased by an intestinal fold |
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Term
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Definition
| continuous feeders, or filter feeders. |
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Term
| Water moves into a mantle cavity through an incurrent siphon and deposits particles on gills. |
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Definition
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Term
| Ciliary action moves particles to the labial palps which direct them into the mouth and into the stomach. |
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Definition
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Term
| Digestive enzymes from a digestive gland help amoeboid cells in the tract complete digestion. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sessile filter feeders; only small particles are consumed while large particles are rejected. |
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Term
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Definition
| active filter feeders; baleen (fringe) filters small krill from water |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ____ ____ seize the prey and bring it to the squid’s mouth. |
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Definition
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Term
| Beaklike jaws and a radula (toothy tongue) reduce the food to pieces. |
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Definition
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Term
| The esophagus leads to a stomach that holds food until digestion is complete. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| require a storage region in the gut |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| incisors, canines, premolars, molars |
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Term
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Definition
| large, flat premolars and molars for grinding plant matter |
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Term
| Grazers (e.g., horses) have |
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Definition
| sharp incisors for clipping off grass and leaves |
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Term
| Hard-to-digest plant material requires extensive _____ to disrupt the plant cell walls |
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Definition
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Term
| long and complex digestive tracts and bacteria in their digestive tracts that can digest cellulose, producing nutrients (glucose) that the animal can use. |
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Definition
| Animals that feed on plants |
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Term
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Definition
| pointed incisors and canines tear off pieces small enough to swallow. |
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Term
| ____ is rich in protein and fatty acids and is easier to digest than ____ _____ |
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Definition
|
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Term
| fewer molars for grinding and a shorter digestive tract with less specialization. |
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Definition
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Term
| The human digestive tract is |
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Definition
| complete tube-within-a-tube system |
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Term
| Food is never found within the (humans) |
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Definition
| accessory glands, only within the tract itself |
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Term
| The digestion of food in humans is an |
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Definition
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Term
| Enzymes are secreted into the digestive tract by (humans) |
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Definition
| nearby glands which never contain food themselves |
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Term
| Digestion requires a cooperative effort by the (human) |
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Definition
| production of hormones and the actions of the nervous system. |
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Term
| ____ _____ of salivary glands secrete saliva by way of ducts into the mouth. |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| is the enzyme that begins starch digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| is the enzyme that begins starch digestion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The digestive and respiratory passages come together in the |
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Definition
| pharynx, and then separate |
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Term
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Definition
| covers the opening into the trachea as muscles move a bolus of food through the pharynx into the esophagus. |
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Term
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Definition
| muscular tube that moves swallowed food to the stomach by peristalsis |
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Term
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Definition
| rhythmical contraction that moves the contents along in tubular organs |
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Term
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Definition
| contract vigorously and mix food with juices secreted when the food enters. |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrochloric acid and another digestive substance, pepsin. |
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Term
| are produced independently of the protective mucous secretions. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ _____lowers pH of the gastric contents to about 2. |
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Definition
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Term
| The epithelial lining of the stomach has |
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Definition
| millions of gastric pits leading to gastric glands |
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Term
| The low pH also stops the activity of |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The low pH levels in the stomach |
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Definition
| promotes the activity of pepsin |
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Term
| The low pH levels in the stomach |
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Definition
| promotes the activity of pepsin |
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Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme that digests large proteins to smaller peptides |
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Term
| protects the wall of the stomach from the HCl and pepsin |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the lining is exposed to digestive action |
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Term
| infection by Helicobacter pylori bacteria can cause |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Stomach content, a thick, soupy mixture |
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Term
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Definition
| controls the narrow opening at the base of the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| a neural reflex causes the sphincter to contract, closing off the opening. |
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Term
| when the sphincter relaxes |
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Definition
| chyme enters the first part of the small intestine |
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Term
| the small intestine is how many meters? |
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Definition
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Term
| As chyme enters the duodenum |
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Definition
| proteins and carbohydrates are partly digested but no fat digestion occurs. |
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Term
| As chyme enters the duodenum |
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Definition
| proteins and carbohydrates are partly digested but no fat digestion occurs. |
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Term
| Additional digestion is aided by |
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Definition
| secretions from the liver and the pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| bile is temporarily stored in the _______ before being sent to duodenum |
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Definition
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Term
| The lining of the small intestine has |
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Definition
| ridges and furrows; these surfaces are covered by vill |
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Term
|
Definition
| fingerlike projections; their surface cells are covered by microvilli. |
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Term
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Definition
| fingerlike projections; their surface cells are covered by microvilli. |
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Term
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Definition
| minute projections, called the “brush border,” on the surface of the cells of the intestinal villi. |
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Term
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Definition
| blood vessels and a lymphatic capillary, called a lacteal |
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Term
| _____ and ___ ____ enter villi cells and are absorbed into bloodstream. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ and ___ _____ enter villi cells; reassembled into fat molecules, they move into lacteals. |
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Definition
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Term
| The large intestine has four parts: |
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Definition
| the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal |
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Term
| ____ ______ is larger in diameter but shorter in length than the ____ _____ |
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Definition
| large intestine, small intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
| is a fingerlike projection extending from the cecum |
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Term
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Definition
| a blind sac at the junction of the small and large intestine. |
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Term
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Definition
| infected appendix bursts, it results in general abdominal infection |
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Term
| The colon is subdivided into the |
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Definition
| ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoidal colon |
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Term
| About ____ liters of water enter the digestive tract daily from ingestion and another _____ liters enter from various secretions. |
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Definition
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Term
| About 95% of this total liquid is reabsorbed by |
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Definition
|
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Term
| If the water is not reabsorbed,it causes |
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Definition
| diarrhea which can cause a serious dehydration and ion loss. |
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Term
| the large intestine absorbs |
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Definition
| salts and some vitamins, including the vitamin K produced by intestinal bacteria |
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Term
| Feces consist of about ____ water and ____ solid matter. |
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Definition
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Term
| Feces consist of about ____ water and ____ solid matter. |
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Definition
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Term
| One third of the solid matter is |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The remainder solid matter is |
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Definition
| undigested wastes, fats, organic material, mucus, and dead cells from the intestinal lining |
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Term
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Definition
| are small growths arising from the epithelial lining |
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Term
| lies deep within the abdominal cavity, just below the stomach, and rests on the posterior abdominal wall. |
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Definition
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Term
| elongated and somewhat flattened organ |
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Definition
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Term
| As an endocrine gland, it secretes glucagon and insulin hormone into the bloodstream |
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Definition
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Term
| As an exocrine gland, it secretes pancreatic juice |
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Definition
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Term
| Pancreatic juice contains |
|
Definition
| sodium bicarbonate that neutralizes acidic chyme |
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Term
| Pancreatic enzymes digest |
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Definition
| carbohydrates, fats and proteins |
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Term
| the largest gland in the body, fills the top of the abdominal cavity, just under the diaphragm. |
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Definition
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Term
| It detoxifies blood by removing and metabolizing poisonous substances |
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Definition
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Term
| It makes plasma proteins including albumin and fibrinogen |
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Definition
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Term
| It destroys old red blood cells and converts hemoglobin to bilirubin and biliverdin in bile |
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Definition
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Term
| It produces bile stored in the gallbladder before it enters the duodenum to emulsify fats |
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Definition
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Term
| It stores glucose as glycogen and breaks down glycogen to maintain a constant blood glucose concentration. |
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Definition
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Term
| produces urea from amino groups and ammonia. |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood vessels from both the large and small intestines lead to the liver as the |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood vessels from both the large and small intestines lead to the liver as the |
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Definition
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Term
| Amino acids can be converted to |
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Definition
| glucose but deamination (removal of amino groups) must occur. |
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Term
| the most common human nitrogenous waste |
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Definition
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Term
| urea is transported by the |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Jaundice is a symptom involving a |
|
Definition
| yellowish skin due to a large amount of bilirubin in blood. |
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Term
| Jaundice can also result from |
|
Definition
| hepatitis, inflammation of the liver |
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Term
| Jaundice can also result from |
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Definition
| hepatitis, inflammation of the liver |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Hepatitis B and C are spread by |
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Definition
| blood transfusions, kidney dialysis, and unsterile needle use. |
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Term
| chronic disease where the liver tissue is replaced by fatty tissue and then scar tissue; alcoholics provide too much alcohol for the liver to break down |
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Definition
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Term
| pear-shaped, muscular sac attached to the surface of the liver |
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Definition
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Term
| The wall of the digestive tract has ____ layers |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 layers of the digestive system is |
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Definition
| Mucosa,Submucosa,Serosa, Muscularis |
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Term
| 4 layers of the digestive system is |
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Definition
| Mucosa,Submucosa,Serosa, Muscularis |
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Term
| the first layer of the wall next to the lumen |
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Definition
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Term
| protects the wall from the digestive enzymes inside the lumen. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Diverticulitis is the condition in which |
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Definition
| portions of the mucosa have pushed through the other layers and formed pouches where food can collect. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the pouches become inflamed or infected |
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Term
| second layer in the digestive wall |
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Definition
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Term
| second layer in the digestive wall |
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Definition
|
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Term
| This layer is a broad band of loose connective tissue that contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and weight loss. |
|
Definition
| inflammatory bowel disease (IBD |
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Term
| it can be the site of an inflammatory response that leads to inflammatory bowel disease |
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Definition
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Term
| the third layer of the digestive tract wall. |
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Definition
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Term
| This layer contains two layers of smooth muscle |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The contraction of these muscles accounts for movement of digested food from the esophagus to the anus. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) |
|
Definition
| contractions of the wall cause abdominal pain, constipation, and/or diarrhea. |
|
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Term
| can be associated with Irritable Bowel Syndrome |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the fourth layer of the digestive tract wall. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the fourth layer of the digestive tract wall. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| This layer secretes a serous fluid and is part of the internal lining of the abdominal cavity. |
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Definition
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Term
| An inflamed appendix (appendicitis) has to be removed because, should the appendix burst, the result can be |
|
Definition
| peritonitis, a life-threatening infection of the peritoneum. |
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Term
| cannot be absorbed in the small intestine, additional enzymes have to break it down to glucose to be absorbed |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein digestion begins in the |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Starch, proteins, nucleic acids, and fats are enzymatically broken down in the |
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Definition
|
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Term
| also a pancreatic enzyme, digests protein to peptides |
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Definition
|
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Term
| _____ and _______by the small intestine, complete the digestion of protein to amino acids and starch to glucose, respectively. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| another pancreatic enzyme, digests fat droplets to glycerol and fatty acids. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| are converted to glucose for transport in the blood and use by cells. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| are converted to glucose for transport in the blood and use by cells. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Good sources of starch are |
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Definition
| beans, peas, cereal, grains, and potatoes |
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Term
| Food sources rich in fiber are |
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Definition
| beans, peas, nuts, fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain products. |
|
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Term
| has a laxative effect and may guard against colon cancer. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| combines with bile acids and cholesterol in the intestine and prevents their absorption. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The recommended daily intake of fiber is ___ g for women and ___ g for men. The average American is consuming ___ g of fiber per day. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| are recommended because they are digested to sugars and contain fiber. (e.g., whole grain cereals, breads, etc.) |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| supply energy for cells, but fat is stored for the long term in the body. |
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Term
| is a lipid and can be synthesized by the body. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| are more likely to cause CV disease than saturated fats |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Dietary proteins are digested to |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Of the 20 different amino acids required for protein synthesis, ____ cannot be synthesized by the body and are thus termed essential amino acids |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Of the 20 different amino acids required for protein synthesis, ____ cannot be synthesized by the body and are thus termed essential amino acids |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calcium loss in the urine can occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diabetes mellitus is indicated by |
|
Definition
| presence of glucose in the urine |
|
|
Term
| Diabetes mellitus is indicated by |
|
Definition
| presence of glucose in the urine |
|
|
Term
| the person is usually obese and displays impaired insulin production and insulin resistance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (including hypertension, heart attack, and stroke) is among the leading causes of death in the United States |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Cardiovascular is often due to |
|
Definition
| arteries blocked by plaque. |
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|
Term
| Cardiovascular is often due to |
|
Definition
| arteries blocked by plaque. |
|
|
Term
| are essential organic compounds the body cannot make but still requires for metabolic activities. |
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Definition
|
|
