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102
chpt 34
179
Biology
Undergraduate 2
03/07/2013

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Term
Most animals need to digest food into small molecules that can
Definition
cross plasma membranes.
Term
Digestion provides the energy needed to carry out
Definition
routine metabolic activities and maintain homeostasis.
Term
Digestion provides the energy needed to carry out
Definition
routine metabolic activities and maintain homeostasis.
Term
The digestive tract
Definition
ingests food, breaks down food into small molecules that can cross plasma membranes, absorbs these nutrient molecules, and eliminates nondigestible remains.
Term
Planarians are organisms with an
Definition
incomplete digestive tract, a single opening (usually called a mouth).
Term
carnivorous and feed largely on smaller aquatic animals
Definition
planaria
Term
The digestive system of planaria contains only
Definition
a mouth, a pharynx, and an intestine
Term
planaria feed by
Definition
pharynx extends far beyond the mouth to suck up minute quantities at one time.
Term
Digestive enzymes in the tract allow(planaria)
Definition
extracellular digestion
Term
The digestive system lacks(planaria)
Definition
regions of specialized function
Term
Tapeworm lacks
Definition
digestive system all together
Term
tape worms absorb food through
Definition
body wall with modified microscopic projections that absorb nutrients from the host
Term
earthworm has a
Definition
complete digestive system
Term
The digestive system is composed of a tube with a mouth and an anus
Definition
earthworm
Term
feed on decayed organic matter in the soil
Definition
earthworms
Term
Different regions of the gut have specialized functions
Definition
earthworm
Term
A muscular pharynx draws in food with sucking action
Definition
earthworm
Term
The crop is (earthworm)
Definition
storage area with expansive walls
Term
The gizzard has(earthworm)
Definition
thick muscular walls to grind food
Term
Digestion occurs in the (earthworms)
Definition
intestine, outside of cells or “extracellular.”
Term
typhlosole (earthworm)
Definition
The surface area for absorption is increased by an intestinal fold
Term
Clams are
Definition
continuous feeders, or filter feeders.
Term
Water moves into a mantle cavity through an incurrent siphon and deposits particles on gills.
Definition
Clams
Term
Ciliary action moves particles to the labial palps which direct them into the mouth and into the stomach.
Definition
clams
Term
Digestive enzymes from a digestive gland help amoeboid cells in the tract complete digestion.
Definition
clams
Term
Marine fanworms are
Definition
sessile filter feeders; only small particles are consumed while large particles are rejected.
Term
Baleen whales are
Definition
active filter feeders; baleen (fringe) filters small krill from water
Term
Squids are
Definition
discontinuous feeders.
Term
The head of a squid has
Definition
10 arms
Term
____ ____ seize the prey and bring it to the squid’s mouth.
Definition
two arms
Term
Beaklike jaws and a radula (toothy tongue) reduce the food to pieces.
Definition
squid
Term
The esophagus leads to a stomach that holds food until digestion is complete.
Definition
squid
Term
Discontinuous feeders
Definition
require a storage region in the gut
Term
incisors
Definition
cutting and shearing
Term
canines
Definition
tearing
Term
premolars
Definition
crushing
Term
molars
Definition
grinding
Term
Omnivore teeth include
Definition
incisors, canines, premolars, molars
Term
Herbivores have
Definition
large, flat premolars and molars for grinding plant matter
Term
Grazers (e.g., horses) have
Definition
sharp incisors for clipping off grass and leaves
Term
Hard-to-digest plant material requires extensive _____ to disrupt the plant cell walls
Definition
grinding
Term
long and complex digestive tracts and bacteria in their digestive tracts that can digest cellulose, producing nutrients (glucose) that the animal can use.
Definition
Animals that feed on plants
Term
Carnivores have
Definition
pointed incisors and canines tear off pieces small enough to swallow.
Term
____ is rich in protein and fatty acids and is easier to digest than ____ _____
Definition
Meat, plant material
Term
fewer molars for grinding and a shorter digestive tract with less specialization.
Definition
carnivores
Term
The human digestive tract is
Definition
complete tube-within-a-tube system
Term
Food is never found within the (humans)
Definition
accessory glands, only within the tract itself
Term
The digestion of food in humans is an
Definition
extracellular process
Term
Enzymes are secreted into the digestive tract by (humans)
Definition
nearby glands which never contain food themselves
Term
Digestion requires a cooperative effort by the (human)
Definition
production of hormones and the actions of the nervous system.
Term
____ _____ of salivary glands secrete saliva by way of ducts into the mouth.
Definition
Three pairs
Term
Salivary amylase
Definition
is the enzyme that begins starch digestion
Term
Salivary amylase
Definition
is the enzyme that begins starch digestion
Term
maltose is the
Definition
common end product.
Term
The digestive and respiratory passages come together in the
Definition
pharynx, and then separate
Term
The epiglottis
Definition
covers the opening into the trachea as muscles move a bolus of food through the pharynx into the esophagus.
Term
The esophagus is a
Definition
muscular tube that moves swallowed food to the stomach by peristalsis
Term
peristalsis
Definition
rhythmical contraction that moves the contents along in tubular organs
Term
Walls of the stomach
Definition
contract vigorously and mix food with juices secreted when the food enters.
Term
gastric juice contains
Definition
hydrochloric acid and another digestive substance, pepsin.
Term
are produced independently of the protective mucous secretions.
Definition
gastric juices
Term
_____ _____lowers pH of the gastric contents to about 2.
Definition
Hydrochloric acid
Term
The epithelial lining of the stomach has
Definition
millions of gastric pits leading to gastric glands
Term
The low pH also stops the activity of
Definition
salivary amylase
Term
The low pH levels in the stomach
Definition
promotes the activity of pepsin
Term
The low pH levels in the stomach
Definition
promotes the activity of pepsin
Term
pepsin
Definition
an enzyme that digests large proteins to smaller peptides
Term
protects the wall of the stomach from the HCl and pepsin
Definition
thick layer of mucus
Term
Ulcers develop when
Definition
the lining is exposed to digestive action
Term
infection by Helicobacter pylori bacteria can cause
Definition
ulcers
Term
chyme
Definition
Stomach content, a thick, soupy mixture
Term
sphincter
Definition
controls the narrow opening at the base of the stomach
Term
the duodenum
Definition
a neural reflex causes the sphincter to contract, closing off the opening.
Term
when the sphincter relaxes
Definition
chyme enters the first part of the small intestine
Term
the small intestine is how many meters?
Definition
3
Term
As chyme enters the duodenum
Definition
proteins and carbohydrates are partly digested but no fat digestion occurs.
Term
As chyme enters the duodenum
Definition
proteins and carbohydrates are partly digested but no fat digestion occurs.
Term
Additional digestion is aided by
Definition
secretions from the liver and the pancreas
Term
Bile is a secretion of
Definition
the liver
Term
bile emulsifies
Definition
fat
Term
bile is temporarily stored in the _______ before being sent to duodenum
Definition
gallbladder
Term
The lining of the small intestine has
Definition
ridges and furrows; these surfaces are covered by vill
Term
villi
Definition
fingerlike projections; their surface cells are covered by microvilli.
Term
villi
Definition
fingerlike projections; their surface cells are covered by microvilli.
Term
microvilli
Definition
minute projections, called the “brush border,” on the surface of the cells of the intestinal villi.
Term
Each villus contains
Definition
blood vessels and a lymphatic capillary, called a lacteal
Term
_____ and ___ ____ enter villi cells and are absorbed into bloodstream.
Definition
Sugars,amino acids
Term
_____ and ___ _____ enter villi cells; reassembled into fat molecules, they move into lacteals.
Definition
Glycerol, fatty acids
Term
The large intestine has four parts:
Definition
the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal
Term
____ ______ is larger in diameter but shorter in length than the ____ _____
Definition
large intestine, small intestine
Term
The appendix
Definition
is a fingerlike projection extending from the cecum
Term
cecum
Definition
a blind sac at the junction of the small and large intestine.
Term
peritonitis
Definition
infected appendix bursts, it results in general abdominal infection
Term
The colon is subdivided into the
Definition
ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoidal colon
Term
About ____ liters of water enter the digestive tract daily from ingestion and another _____ liters enter from various secretions.
Definition
1.5, 8.5
Term
About 95% of this total liquid is reabsorbed by
Definition
the small intestine
Term
If the water is not reabsorbed,it causes
Definition
diarrhea which can cause a serious dehydration and ion loss.
Term
the large intestine absorbs
Definition
salts and some vitamins, including the vitamin K produced by intestinal bacteria
Term
Feces consist of about ____ water and ____ solid matter.
Definition
75%,25%
Term
Feces consist of about ____ water and ____ solid matter.
Definition
75%,25%
Term
One third of the solid matter is
Definition
intestinal bacteria.
Term
The remainder solid matter is
Definition
undigested wastes, fats, organic material, mucus, and dead cells from the intestinal lining
Term
Intestinal polyps
Definition
are small growths arising from the epithelial lining
Term
lies deep within the abdominal cavity, just below the stomach, and rests on the posterior abdominal wall.
Definition
The pancreas
Term
elongated and somewhat flattened organ
Definition
pancreas
Term
As an endocrine gland, it secretes glucagon and insulin hormone into the bloodstream
Definition
pancreas
Term
As an exocrine gland, it secretes pancreatic juice
Definition
pancreas
Term
Pancreatic juice contains
Definition
sodium bicarbonate that neutralizes acidic chyme
Term
Pancreatic enzymes digest
Definition
carbohydrates, fats and proteins
Term
the largest gland in the body, fills the top of the abdominal cavity, just under the diaphragm.
Definition
liver
Term
It detoxifies blood by removing and metabolizing poisonous substances
Definition
liver
Term
It makes plasma proteins including albumin and fibrinogen
Definition
liver
Term
It destroys old red blood cells and converts hemoglobin to bilirubin and biliverdin in bile
Definition
liver
Term
It produces bile stored in the gallbladder before it enters the duodenum to emulsify fats
Definition
liver
Term
It stores glucose as glycogen and breaks down glycogen to maintain a constant blood glucose concentration.
Definition
liver
Term
produces urea from amino groups and ammonia.
Definition
liver
Term
Blood vessels from both the large and small intestines lead to the liver as the
Definition
hepatic portal vein.
Term
Blood vessels from both the large and small intestines lead to the liver as the
Definition
hepatic portal vein.
Term
Amino acids can be converted to
Definition
glucose but deamination (removal of amino groups) must occur.
Term
the most common human nitrogenous waste
Definition
urea
Term
urea is transported by the
Definition
blood to the kidneys.
Term
Jaundice is a symptom involving a
Definition
yellowish skin due to a large amount of bilirubin in blood.
Term
Jaundice can also result from
Definition
hepatitis, inflammation of the liver
Term
Jaundice can also result from
Definition
hepatitis, inflammation of the liver
Term
Viral hepatitis is a
Definition
viral liver infection
Term
Hepatitis A results from
Definition
eating contaminated food
Term
Hepatitis B and C are spread by
Definition
blood transfusions, kidney dialysis, and unsterile needle use.
Term
chronic disease where the liver tissue is replaced by fatty tissue and then scar tissue; alcoholics provide too much alcohol for the liver to break down
Definition
Cirrhosis
Term
pear-shaped, muscular sac attached to the surface of the liver
Definition
gallbladder
Term
The wall of the digestive tract has ____ layers
Definition
4
Term
4 layers of the digestive system is
Definition
Mucosa,Submucosa,Serosa, Muscularis
Term
4 layers of the digestive system is
Definition
Mucosa,Submucosa,Serosa, Muscularis
Term
the first layer of the wall next to the lumen
Definition
The mucosa
Term
protects the wall from the digestive enzymes inside the lumen.
Definition
mucosa
Term
Diverticulitis is the condition in which
Definition
portions of the mucosa have pushed through the other layers and formed pouches where food can collect.
Term
diverticulitis
Definition
When the pouches become inflamed or infected
Term
second layer in the digestive wall
Definition
Submucosa
Term
second layer in the digestive wall
Definition
Submucosa
Term
This layer is a broad band of loose connective tissue that contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
Definition
submucosa
Term
chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and weight loss.
Definition
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD
Term
it can be the site of an inflammatory response that leads to inflammatory bowel disease
Definition
submucosa
Term
the third layer of the digestive tract wall.
Definition
muscularis
Term
This layer contains two layers of smooth muscle
Definition
muscularis
Term
The contraction of these muscles accounts for movement of digested food from the esophagus to the anus.
Definition
muscularis
Term
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Definition
contractions of the wall cause abdominal pain, constipation, and/or diarrhea.
Term
can be associated with Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Definition
The muscularis
Term
the fourth layer of the digestive tract wall.
Definition
Serosa
Term
the fourth layer of the digestive tract wall.
Definition
Serosa
Term
This layer secretes a serous fluid and is part of the internal lining of the abdominal cavity.
Definition
Serosa
Term
An inflamed appendix (appendicitis) has to be removed because, should the appendix burst, the result can be
Definition
peritonitis, a life-threatening infection of the peritoneum.
Term
cannot be absorbed in the small intestine, additional enzymes have to break it down to glucose to be absorbed
Definition
maltose
Term
Protein digestion begins in the
Definition
stomach
Term
Starch, proteins, nucleic acids, and fats are enzymatically broken down in the
Definition
small intestine
Term
also a pancreatic enzyme, digests protein to peptides
Definition
Trypsin
Term
_____ and _______by the small intestine, complete the digestion of protein to amino acids and starch to glucose, respectively.
Definition
Peptidases and maltase
Term
another pancreatic enzyme, digests fat droplets to glycerol and fatty acids.
Definition
Lipase
Term
are converted to glucose for transport in the blood and use by cells.
Definition
sugars
Term
are converted to glucose for transport in the blood and use by cells.
Definition
sugars
Term
Good sources of starch are
Definition
beans, peas, cereal, grains, and potatoes
Term
Food sources rich in fiber are
Definition
beans, peas, nuts, fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain products.
Term
has a laxative effect and may guard against colon cancer.
Definition
Insoluble fiber
Term
combines with bile acids and cholesterol in the intestine and prevents their absorption.
Definition
Soluble fiber
Term
The recommended daily intake of fiber is ___ g for women and ___ g for men. The average American is consuming ___ g of fiber per day.
Definition
25, 38, 15
Term
are recommended because they are digested to sugars and contain fiber. (e.g., whole grain cereals, breads, etc.)
Definition
Complex carbohydrates
Term
Triglycerides
Definition
supply energy for cells, but fat is stored for the long term in the body.
Term
is a lipid and can be synthesized by the body.
Definition
cholesterol
Term
are more likely to cause CV disease than saturated fats
Definition
Trans fatty acids
Term
Dietary proteins are digested to
Definition
aminos acids
Term
Of the 20 different amino acids required for protein synthesis, ____ cannot be synthesized by the body and are thus termed essential amino acids
Definition
8,
Term
Of the 20 different amino acids required for protein synthesis, ____ cannot be synthesized by the body and are thus termed essential amino acids
Definition
8,
Term
A high-protein diet can
Definition
harm the body
Term
Calcium loss in the urine can occur
Definition
leads to kidney stones
Term
Diabetes mellitus is indicated by
Definition
presence of glucose in the urine
Term
Diabetes mellitus is indicated by
Definition
presence of glucose in the urine
Term
the person is usually obese and displays impaired insulin production and insulin resistance.
Definition
type 2
Term
(including hypertension, heart attack, and stroke) is among the leading causes of death in the United States
Definition
Cardiovascular disease
Term
Cardiovascular is often due to
Definition
arteries blocked by plaque.
Term
Cardiovascular is often due to
Definition
arteries blocked by plaque.
Term
are essential organic compounds the body cannot make but still requires for metabolic activities.
Definition
vitamins
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