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imaginary line running through its center between north and south poles |
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Picture of the sky as a huge hollow globe that turns around the earth used to locate stars and galaxies |
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measure of the observed brightness as seen from Earth |
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Who divided the stars into six classes of brightness? |
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used to measure brightness
magnitudes for the brightest stars are negative |
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helps you locate sky objects |
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helps you locate places on Earth |
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is the projection of the Earth's
equator out to the sky |
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| angular distance above or below the celestial equator |
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distance measured eastward along the celestial equator from the
zero point (Vernal Equinox) |
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point of time selected as a fixed reference |
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point on the celestial sphere directly over your head |
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the great circle on the celestial sphere 90 degrees from your zenith |
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great circle passing through your Zenith and the north and south points on your horizon |
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the daily paths around the celestial poles when you observe them from
the spinning Earth |
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stars that are within 40 degrees of the north pole, are always above your horizon, and never set |
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stars that never rise and stay within 40 degrees of the south celestial pole |
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the apparent path of the sun against background stars |
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blazing suns racing though space at different distances from Earth |
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| How do you measure the Terrestrial Sphere? |
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| by dividing the sphere into 360 sections called degrees |
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| Which three stars mark the points of the Summer triangle? |
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| a band 16 degrees wide around the sky that is centered on the ecliptic |
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| a rising and falling disturbance that transports energy from a source to a receiver without the actual transfer of material |
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| an electromagnetic disturbance consisting of rapidly varying electric and magnetic effects |
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| the distance from any point on a wave to the next identical point (crest to crest, or trough to trough) |
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| the arrangement of colors according to wavelengths |
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| whole family of electromagnetic waves, arranged according to wavelength |
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| (c) - empty space/3,000,000km/sec (186,000 miles per second) |
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| the distance that light can travel in a year through empty space |
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| the number of waves that pass by a fixed point in given time (measured in cycles per minute) |
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| energy due to temperature |
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| theoretical perfect radiator |
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| Stefan Boltzmann Radiation Law |
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| total energy is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature |
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| shows how much energy a body radiates at different wavelengths, which wavelength radiates most intensely, and the total amount of energy it radiates |
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| spectral ranges within which air is largely transparent to radiation |
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| a place equipped for the observation of sky objects |
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| analysis of spectra or spectrums |
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| 1. Continuous Spectrum- rainbow colors 2. Emission Spectrum- bright colored lines 3. Absorption Spectrum- dark lines |
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| smallest particle of a chemical element |
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| Energy required to remove an electron from the atom |
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| a positively charged ion who has lost its electrons |
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| produced when electrons jump from higher energy level back down to lower energy levels |
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| Perfect Cosmological Principle |
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| the universe is the same everywhere on the large scale, at all times |
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| Cosmic Background Radiation |
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| a vestige of the heat of its Big Bang origin |
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| heliocentric, sun-centered model that said all planets orbited around the sun |
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| forms images of faint and distant stars, collects more light than the human eye |
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| ability of a telescope to collect a light |
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| first point a refracting telescope skyward in 1609 |
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| ability of a telescope to collect a light |
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| first to point a refracting telescope skyward in 1609 |
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| earth to sun distance (1.5x10^8) |
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| the distance light can travel in a year |
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| distance at which 1 AU subtends 1/3600 degrees = 3.3LY |
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| How fast do planets revolve around the sun? |
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| observation, experience, and self evident postulates -> hypothesis (initial explanation) -> systematic and objective testing -> theories |
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| the best current explanations, falsifiable, subject to revision (not hypothesis or prediction) |
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| claims to be scientific, but violates at least one scientific practice |
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| belief in and reverence for superhuman powers that created and or govern the universe |
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| ancient superstition of celestial influences on man, based on the location of the sun and planets relative to the 12 zodiacal constellations |
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| specify directions relative to the observer on ground; depend on observers position and the time |
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| sphereical earth is the center of the universe, surrounded by 8 celestial spheres and an air sphere |
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| observes no stellar parallax and concludes that universe in geocentric |
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| applies geometry to observations of eclipses and lunar phase to estimate 19x further than moon and 7x bigger than earth = therefore the universe is heliocentric |
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| perfects a complex geocentric system of epicycles, deferments, and equations to explain the planets non-uniform and reversing motion |
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| circumnavigates the Earth to discover it must be round |
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| revives the heliocentric hypotheses |
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| stars of known brightness in spiral nebulae show they are outside of the milky way = discovery of other galaxies |
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| universe does not evolve or change in time |
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| the universe should still be filled with cosmic background radiation - the primeval fireball would have sent strong shortwave radiation in all directions like exploding gigantic bombs |
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| Laws of Motion, worked on theoretical physics, law of universal gravitational force, law of conservation of angular momentum |
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