Term
| How is energy yield calculated? |
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Definition
deltaGo = - (n)(F)(deltaEo)
n = number of electrons being transferred
F = Faraday constant (23 kcal/mol-volt)
DEo = Change in “Redox” potential under standard conditions (all reactants at 1.0 M concentration |
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Term
| If an electron donor is a STRONGER donor than H2 |
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Definition
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Term
| For those compounds which will ACCEPT electrons from H2 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 6-7 Fe-S complexes and one FMN complex |
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Term
| How many electrons can Complex I transfer at a time? |
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Definition
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Term
| For each pair of electrons entering Complex I, how many paris of protons are ejected into the intermembrane space? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many electrons can CoG carry? |
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Definition
| 1 or 2, when it carries 1 it is a radical |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Complex IV (cytochrome oxidase) contains? |
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Definition
| two copper containing electron carriers, and two iron containing carriers, cytochromes a1 and a3. The copper alternates between the Cu+1 and Cu+2 states as the electrons are passed along the chain |
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Term
| Once 4 electrons are within Complex IV , what can happen? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Complex II is the entry site of what from the TCA cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| The force is generated across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and consists of two components and this force is called? |
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Definition
It is called the Proton Motive Force (PMF)
It is based upon pH and concentration of protons |
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Term
| What can block ATP synthesis by blocking the proton channel in ATP synthase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the Principles of the Chemiosmotic Hypothesis? |
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Definition
1) The electron transfer chain must be asymmetrically oriented across the membrane such that protons are ejected
2) Mitochondria must be capable of ejecting protons in the presence of substrate and oxygen
3) Permeabilizing membranes to protons should disrupt oxidation and phosphorylation
4) The mitochondria must contain a proton driven ATP synthase |
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Term
| Inner mitochondrial membrane ___________ to NADH |
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Definition
| impermeable (note there is no carrier for NADH either) |
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Term
| What NADH shuttle in the cytosol transfers electrons to FAD in mitochondria – 1.5 ATP per cytosolic NADH (skeletal muscle, brain)? |
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Definition
| Glycerol-3-Phosphate Shuttle |
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Term
| What shuttle does this...NADH in the cytosol eventually transfers electrons to NAD+ in the matrix – 2.5 ATP per cytosolic NADH (liver)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What dissipates the proton gradient by allowing membrane to become permeable to protons? ATP synthesis cannot function, but respiration continues at a greater rate to attempt to re-establish the proton gradient. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a natural uncoupler found in brown fat, which is activated by norepinephrine? Activation of this protein (also known as UCP1, uncoupling protein 1) allows dissipation of the proton gradient to allow heat to be generated. Predominant in newborns. |
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Definition
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Term
| How can one inhibit oxidative phosphorylation? |
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Definition
1) Block electron flow along the chain
2) Block the activity of ATP Synthase
3) Allow free ion flow across the inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| What can block Complex IV in the ETC? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can block Complex III in the ETC? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can block Complex I in ETC? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can block ATP synthase? |
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Definition
| Oligomycin and DCCD (both block proton entry) |
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Term
| What are the uncouplers that are permeable to protons? |
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Definition
| CCCP, DNP, and Thermogenin |
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Term
| What are the uncouplers that are permeable to potassium ions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What block ADP entry into the mitochondria thus ATP/ADP exchange can't occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does phosphate enters the mitochondria? |
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Definition
| With protons via a symport known as the Phosphate Translocase |
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Term
| How does ADP enter the matrix? |
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Definition
| Via Adenosine Nucleotide Translocase- it is an antiporter that brings in 3 ADP and takes out 4 ATP |
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Term
| How is oxidative phosphorylation regulated? |
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Definition
| It is regulated by energy charge-values range from 0 to 1. |
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Term
| What is the normal energy value? |
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Definition
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Term
| If the energy charge is less than 0.8? |
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Definition
| energy production is stimulated |
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Term
| If the energy charge is >0.8? |
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Definition
| ADP supplies in the mitochondria become rate limiting for ATP production, and production ceases |
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