1. 4th principle part + sim
2. 4th principle part + sis
3. 4th principle part + sit
4. 4th principle part + simus
5. 4th principle part + sitis
6. 4th principle part + sint

1. 4th principle part + essem
2. 4th principle part + esses
3. 4th principle part + esset
4. 4th principle part + essemus
5. 4th principle part + essetis
6. 4th principle part + essent

1. 3rd principle part + issem
2. 3rd principle part + isses
3. 3rd principle part + isset
4. 3rd principle part + issemus
5. 3rd principle part + issetis
6. 3rd principle part + issent

1. 3rd principle part + erim
2. 3rd principle part + eris
3. 3rd principle part + erit
4. 3rd principle part + erimus
5. 3rd principle part + eritis
6. 3rd principle part + erint

• expresses command in 1st or 3rd person
• main verb = subjunctive
• use let, may or should

• subordinate clause
• introduced by ut or ne and the subjunctive
• answers why/for what purpose
• ut = so that
• ne = so that not

• result of action
• introduced by ut or ut non and the subjunctive

1. 4th principle part + sum
2. 4th principle part + es
3. 4th principle part + est
4. 4th principle part + sumus
5. 4th principle part + estis
6. 4th principle part + sunt

5th Declension

singular

Nom: -es

Gen: -ei

Dat: -em

Acc: - em

Abl: -e

5th Declension

plural

Nom: -es

Gen: -erum

Dat: -ebus

Acc: -es

Abl: -ebus

1st Declension

singular

Nom: -a

Gen: -ae

Dat: -ae

Acc: -am

Abl: -a

1st Declension

plural

Nom: -ae

Gen: -arum

Dat: -is

Acc: -as

Abl: -is

2nd Declension: Masculine

singular

Nom: -us

Gen: -i

Dat: -o

Acc: -um

Abl: -o

2nd Declension: Masculine

plural

Nom: -i

Gen: -orum

Dat: -is

Acc: -os

Abl: -is

2nd Declension: Neuters

singluar

Nom: -um

Gen: -i

Dat: -o

Acc: -um

Abl: -o

2nd Declension: Neuters

plural

Nom: -a

Gen: -orum

Dat: -is

Acc: -a

Abl: -is

3rd Declension: M/f

singular

Nom: --

Gen: -is

Dat: -i

Acc: -em

Abl: -e

3rd Declension: M/F

plural

Nom: -es

Gen: -um

Dat: -ibus

Acc: -es

Abl: -ibus

3rd Declension: Neuters

singular

Nom: --

Gen: -is

Dat: -i

Acc: --

Abl: -e

3rd Declension: Neuters

plural

Nom: -a

Gen: -um

Dat: -ibus

Acc: -a

Abl: -ibus

4th Declension: M/F

singular

Nom: -us

Gen: -us

Dat: -ui

Acc: -um

Abl: -u

4th Declension: M/F

plural

Nom: -us

Gen: -uum

Dat: -ibus

Acc: -us

Abl: -ibus

4th Declension: Neuters

singular

Nom: -u

Gen: -us

Dat: -u

Acc: -u

Abl: -u

4th Declension: Neuters

plural

Nom: -ua

Gen: -uum

Dat: -ibus

Acc: -ua

Abl: -ibus

• Present: present stem + -ns (gen. = -ntis)
• Future: 4th principle part + -urus, -ura, -urum

• Perfect: 4th principle part + -us, -a, -um
• Future: present stem + -ndus, -nda, -ndum

• gerundive (future passive participle -present stem + -ndus, -nda, -ndum) + sum

• noun + participle (both in ablative)
• in translation, add when, since or although
• NOUN having been/being/about to PARTICIPLE

Present: -are, -ere, -ere, -ire

Perfect: 3rd principle part + -isse

Future: 4th principle part + esse

Present: -ari, -eri, -i, -iri

Perfect: 4th principle part + esse

1st/2nd Conjugation

present

1. -o
2. -s
3. -t
4. -mus
5. -tis
6. -nt

1st/2nd Conjugation

future

1. -bo
2. -bis
3. -bit
4. -bimus
5. -bitis
6. -bunt

1st/2nd Conjugation

Imperfect

1. -bam
2. -bas
3. -bat
4. -bamus
5. -batis
6. -bant

1. sum
2. es
3. est
4. sumus
5. estis
6. sunt

1. ero
2. eris
3. erit
4. erimus
5. eritis
6. erunt

1. eram
2. eras
3. erat
4. eramus
5. eratis
6. erant

3rd Conjugation

present

1. -o
2. -is
3. -it
4. -imus
5. -itis
6. -unt

3rd conjugation

future

1. -am
2. -es
3. -et
4. -emus
5. -etis
6. -ent

3rd Conjugation

imperfect

1. -ebam
2. -ebas
3. -ebat
4. -ebamus
5. -ebatis
6. -ebant

4th Conjugation

present

1. -o
2. -s
3. -t
4. -imus
5. -itis
6. -iunt

4th Conjugation

future

1. -am
2. -es
3. -et
4. -emus
5. -etis
6. -ent

4th Conjugation

imperfect

1. -ebam
2. -ebas
3. -ebat
4. -ebamus
5. -ebatis
6. -ebant

1. -i
2. -isti
3. -it
4. -imus
5. -istis
6. -erunt

1. -ero
2. -eris
3. -erit
4. -erimus
5. -eritis
6. -erint

1. -eram
2. -eras
3. -erat
4. -eramus
5. -eratis
6. -erant

1st/2nd Conjugations

present

passive

1. -r
2. -ris
3. -rit
4. -mur
5. -mini
6. -ntur

1st/2nd Conjugations

future

passive

1. -bor
2. -beris
3. -bitur
4. -bimur
5. -bimini
6. -buntur

1st/2nd Conjugations

imperfect

passive

1. -bar
2. -baris
3. -batur
4. -bamur
5. -bamini
6. -bantur

1. 4th principle part + ero
2. 4th principle part + eris
3. 4th principle part + erit
4. 4th principle part + erimus
5. 4th principle part + eritis
6. 4th principle part + erunt

1. 4th principle part + eram
2. 4th principle part + eras
3. 4th principle part + erat
4. 4th principle part + eramus
5. 4th principle part + eratis
6. 4th principle part + erant

wE fEAr A lIAr

1. -m
2. -s
3. -t
4. -mus
5. -tis
6. -nt

Present Subjunctive

passive

wE fEAr A lIAr

1. -r
2. -ris
3. -tur
4. -mur
5. -mini
6. -ntur

1. possim
2. possis
3. possit
4. possimus
5. possitis
6. possint

1. possem
2. posses
3. posset
4. possemus
5. possetis
6. possent

1. sim
2. sis
3. sit
4. simus
5. sitis
6. sint

1. essem
2. esses
3. esset
4. essemus
5. essetis
6. essent

3rd/4th Conjugations

present

passive

1. -or
2. -eris (or -iris)
3. -itur
4. -imur
5. -imini
6. -untur

1. infinitive + m
2. infinitive + s
3. infinitive + t
4. infinitive + mus
5. infinitive + tis
6. infinitive + nt

Imperfect Subjunctive

passive

1. infinitive + r
2. infinitive + ris
3. infinitve + tur
4. infinitive + mur
5. infinitive + mini
6. infinitive + ntur

3rd/4th Conjugations: Future

passive

1. -ar
2. -eris
3. -etur
4. -emur
5. -emini
6. -entur

3rd/4th Conjugations: Imperfect

passive

1. -ebar
2. -ebaris
3. -ebatur
4. -ebamur
5. -ebamini
6. -ebantur

1. fero
2. fers
3. fert
4. ferimus
5. fertis
6. ferunt

1. feror
2. ferris
3. fertur
4. ferimur
5. ferimini
6. feruntur

1. ferebam
2. ferebas
3. ferebat
4. ferebamus
5. ferebatis
6. ferebant

Imperfect of fero, ferre, tuli, latum

passive

1. ferebar
2. ferebaris
3. ferebatur
4. ferebamur
5. ferebamini
6. ferebantur

1. feram
2. feres
3. feret
4. feremus
5. feretis
6. ferent

Future of fero, ferre, tuli, latum

passive

1. ferar
2. fereris
3. feretur
4. feremur
5. feremini
6. ferentur

1. tuli
2. tulisti
3. tulit
4. tulimus
5. tulitis
6. tulerunt

Perfect of fero, ferre, tuli, latum

passive

1. latus sum
2. latus es
3. latus est
4. lati sumus
5. lati estis
6. lati sunt

1. tuleram
2. tuleras
3. tulerat
4. tuleramus
5. tuleratis
6. tulerant

Pluperfect of fero, ferre, tuli, latum

passive

1. latus eram
2. latus eras
3. latus erat
4. lati eramus
5. lati eratis
6. lati erant

1. tulero
2. tuleris
3. tulerit
4. tulerimus
5. tuleritis
6. tulerint

Future Perfect of fero, ferre, tuli, latum

passive

1. latus ero
2. latus eris
3. latus erit
4. lati erimus
5. lati eritis
6. lati erunt

1. feram
2. feras
3. ferat
4. feramus
5. feratis
6. ferant

Present Subjunctive of fero, ferre, tuli, latum

passive

1. ferar
2. feraris
3. feratur
4. feramur
5. feramini
6. ferantur

1. ferrem
2. ferres
3. ferret
4. ferremus
5. ferretis
6. ferrent

Imperfect Subjunctive of fero, ferre, tuli, latum

passive

1. ferrer
2. ferreris
3. ferretur
4. ferremur
5. ferremini
6. ferrentur

1. tulerim
2. tuleris
3. tulerit
4. tulerimus
5. tuleritis
6. tulerint

Perfect Subjunctive of fero, ferre, tuli, latum

passive

1. latus sim
2. latus sis
3. latus sit
4. lati simus
5. lati sitis
6. lati sint

1. tulissem
2. tulisses
3. tulisset
4. tulissemus
5. tulissetis
6. tulissent

Pluperfect Subjunctive of fero, ferre, tuli, latum

passive

1. latus essem
2. latus esses
3. latus esset
4. lati essemus
5. lati essetis
6. lati essent

• Indicative verb
• Describes exact time of action
• Translated as when

• Subjunctive verb
• Explains the cause of the main action
• Translates as since, because

• Subjunctive verb
• Describes the general circumstances of verb
• Translates as when or while

• Subjunctive verb
• Describes circumstances opposed to verb
• Often uses tamen
• Translate as although

• 1st/2nd conjugation: stem + -e
• 3rd conjugation: stem + iter
• 3rd conjugation that end in -nt: stem + -er

1. volo
2. vis
3. vult
4. volumus
5. vultis
6. volunt

1. volebam
2. volebas
3. volebat
4. volebamus
5. volebatis
6. volebant

1. volam
2. voles
3. volet
4. volemus
5. voletis
6. volent

1. volui
2. voluisti
3. voluit
4. voluimus
5. voluitis
6. voluerunt

1. volueram
2. volueras
3. voluerat
4. volueramus
5. volueratis
6. voluerant

1. voluero
2. volueris
3. voluerit
4. voluerimus
5. volueritis
6. voluerint

1. velim
2. velis
3. velit
4. velimus
5. velitis
6. velint

• vellem
• velles
• vellet
• vellemus
• velletis
• vellent

1. voluerim
2. volueris
3. voluerit
4. voluerimus
5. volueritis
6. voluerint

1. voluissem
2. voluisses
3. voluisset
4. voluissemus
5. voluissetis
6. voluissent

1. nolo
2. non vis
3. non vult
4. nolumus
5. non vultis
6. nolunt

1. nolebam
2. nolebas
3. nolebat
4. nolebamus
5. nolebatis
6. nolebant

1. nolam
2. noles
3. nolet
4. nolemus
5. noletis
6. nolent

1. nolui
2. noluisti
3. noluit
4. noluimus
5. noluistis
6. noluerunt

1. nolueram
2. nolueras
3. noluerat
4. nolueramus
5. nolueratis
6. noluerant

1. noluero
2. nolueris
3. noluerit
4. noluerimus
5. nolueritis
6. noluerint

1. nolim
2. nolis
3. nolit
4. nolimus
5. nolitis
6. nolint

1. nollem
2. nolles
3. nollet
4. nolletmus
5. nolletis
6. nollent

1. noluerim
2. nolueris
3. noluerit
4. noluerimus
5. nolueritis
6. noluerint

1. noluissem
2. noluisses
3. noluisset
4. noluissemus
5. noluissetis
6. noluissent

1. malo
2. mavis
3. mavult
4. mavult
5. mavultis
6. malunt

1. malebam
2. malebas
3. malebat
4. malebamus
5. malebatis
6. malebant

1. malam
2. males
3. malet
4. malemus
5. maletis
6. malent

1. malui
2. maluisti
3. maluit
4. maluimus
5. maluistis
6. maluerunt

1. malueram
2. malueras
3. maluerat
4. malueramus
5. malueratis
6. maluerant

1. maluero
2. malueris
3. maluerit
4. maluerimus
5. malueritis
6. maluerint

1. malim
2. malis
3. malit
4. malimus
5. malitis
6. malint

1. mallem
2. malles
3. mallet
4. mallemus
5. malletis
6. mallent

1. maluerim
2. malueris
3. maluerit
4. maluerimus
5. malueritis
6. maluerint

1. maluissem
2. maluisses
3. maluisset
4. maluissemus
5. maluissetis
6. maluissent

• Simple Fact Present: Present indicative verb
• Simple Fact Past: Perfect/imperfect indicative verb
• Simple Fact Future: Future/future perfect verb (protasis = present in translation)

• Contrary to Fact Present: Imperfect subjunctive verb (were ...ing, would)
• Contrary to Fact Past: Pluperfect subjunctive verb (had/would have)
• Future Less Vivid: Present subjunctive (should/would)

1. fio
2. fis
3. fit
4. fimus
5. fitis
6. fiunt

1. fiebam
2. fiebas
3. fiebat
4. fiebamus
5. fiebatis
6. fiebant

1. fiam
2. fies
3. fiet
4. fiemus
5. fietis
6. fient

1. factus sum
2. factus es
3. factus est
4. factus sumus
5. factus estis
6. factus sunt

1. factus eram
2. factus eras
3. factus erat
4. factus eramus
5. factus eratis
6. factus erant

1. factus ero
2. factus eris
3. factus erit
4. factus erimus
5. factus eritis
6. factus erunt

1. fiam
2. fias
3. fiat
4. fiamus
5. fiatis
6. fiant

1. fierem
2. fieres
3. fieret
4. fieremus
5. fieretis
6. fierent

1. factus sum
2. factus sis
3. factus sit
4. facti simus
5. facti sitis
6. facti sint

Pluperfect Subjunctive of fio, fieri, factus sum

1. factus essem
2. factus esses
3. factus esset
4. facti essemus
5. facti essetis
6. facti essent

• indirect command
• reported speech (he said that...)
• translated like an infinitive

1. eo
2. is
3. it
4. imus
5. itis
6. eunt

1. ibam
2. ibas
3. ibat
4. ibamus
5. ibatis
6. ibant

1. ibo
2. ibis
3. ibit
4. ibimus
5. ibitis
6. ibunt

1. ii
2. isti
3. iit
4. iimus
5. istis
6. ierunt

1. ieram
2. ieras
3. ierat
4. ieramus
5. ieratis
6. ierant

1. iero
2. ieris
3. ierit
4. ierimus
5. ieritis
6. ierint

1. eam
2. eas
3. eat
4. eamus
5. eatis
6. eant

1. irem
2. ires
3. iret
4. iremus
5. iretis
6. irent

1. ierim
2. ieris
3. ierit
4. ierimus
5. ieritis
6. ierint

1. issem
2. isses
3. isset
4. issemus
5. issetis
6. issent

• Place where: in/sub + ablative
• Place to which: in/sub/ad + accusative
• Place from which: ab/de/ex + ablative
• cities/towns/small islands: domus, humus, rus + locative (ablative)

• verbal noun with only four forms: neuter singular of genitive, dative, accusative and ablative

• future passive participle with -ndus, -nda, -ndum
• commonly employed as passive periphrastic
• adjectIVE

• nonne: questions expecting "yes"
• num: questions expectin "no"

• invert the negative (ne for "that," ut for "that not")