Term
| Where is glycogen stored? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two main essential fatty acids? |
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Definition
| linolenic and linoleic acids |
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Term
| There is an unlimited storage capacity for which nutrient? |
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Definition
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Term
| Since there is no storage of free form amino acids, what happens to them (if there are in excess)? |
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Definition
| Can be converted to glycogen or triglycerides and then stored |
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Term
| Lipids produce more energy than both carbohydrates and proteins per gram, why is this? |
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Definition
| Lipids are more reduced than both of them. |
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Term
| Vitamins are essential in different reactions in the body, is their form altered? |
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Definition
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Term
| What vitamin is essential for amino acid metabolism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What vitamin is an anti-oxidant? |
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Definition
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Term
| What vitamin can also be classified as a hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
| Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is caused by deficiencies in? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bleeding disorders are caused by deficiencies in? |
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Definition
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Term
| Megoblastic anemia is caused by deficiencies in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term for the energy used to keep all organs functioning while at rest? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you calculate BMR (basal metabolic rate)? |
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Definition
| 24 times weight in kg (units are kcal/day) |
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Term
| How do you calculate daily energy need? |
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Definition
| BMR + energy for work (1.3 times BMR for sedentary; 1.6 times BMR for moderately active; up to 2 times BMR for very active) |
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Term
| If caloric intake exceeds the daily energy need then... |
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Definition
| the person gains weight and it will mostly be stored in the form of triglycerides |
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Term
| If caloric intake is below the daily energy need then... |
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Definition
| the person will lose weight from use of triacylglycerol, and in severe starvation, proteins in the muscles |
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Term
| To lose one lb of weight, you need to reduce how many calories? |
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Definition
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Term
| Easy question: the major energy source for biological reactions is? |
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Definition
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Term
| ATP contains (energy question)... |
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Definition
| two high-energy bonds, which when hydrolyzed, give rise to ~7 kcal/mole of energy |
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Term
| What is a high energy storage molecule that muscle uses in addition to ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you calculate BMI? |
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Definition
| weight(lbs)*703/height(in)^2 |
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Term
| Entry of sugars into metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
| Synthesis of glucose from metabolic precursors |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do we need enzyme regulation? |
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Definition
1) Prevent opposing pathways from being active at the same time (glycolysis vs gluconeogenesis). If this does not occur, futile cycles (now called substrate cycling) result.
2) Prevent biosynthetic pathways from operating when there is no need for the end product (ie, remember the lac operon)
3) Stimulate pathways to be activated when they are required (urea cycle for nitrogen disposal) |
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Term
| What are some examples of the different types of enzyme regulation? |
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Definition
1) long-term adaptation- fatty acid biosynthesis and degradation
2) feedback inhibition- glycolysis
3) allosteric modification- any pathway; isozymes provide tissue specificity
4) covalent modification- glycolysis, glycogen metabolism, zymogen activation
5) compartmentation- fatty acid synthesis vs degradation |
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Term
| What are metabolic problems that you can observe while in the blood contents? |
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Definition
1) lactic acidosis
2) ketoacidosis
3) hyperammonemia
4) hypercholesterolemia |
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Term
| What enzymes in a blood test would indicate liver leakage (damage to the liver)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What enzymes in a blood test would indicate pancreatic damage? |
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Definition
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