Term
|
Definition
Conversion of nutrients into energy, energy storage molecules, and critical metabolites for biochemical syntheses.
Waste product production and removal.
Generate precursors for cell growth and function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carbohydrates (sugars), lipids (fats), protein, and alcohol (ethanol) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amount of energy per gram: Carbohydrate, fat, protein, alcohol |
|
Definition
| Carbs 4 Calories/gm, Fat 9, Protein 4, alcohol 7 |
|
|
Term
| How carbohydrates are stored |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 (linolenic and linoleic acids) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Number of essential amino acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How excess amino acids are stored |
|
Definition
| They aren't stored, but the carbons are converted to either glycogen or triglyceride |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are essential and are not altered in reactions. They are utilized as co-factors in reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| required for amino acid metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fat soluble; anti-oxidant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can also be classified as a hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) |
|
Definition
| Energy required to keep all organs functioning while at rest (BMR approximately 24 times weight, in kg; units are kcal/day) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Daily energy need: BMR + energy for work (1.3 times BMR for sedentary; 1.6 times BMR for moderately active; up to 2 times BMR for very active) |
|
|
Term
| Why do intestinal cells use glutamine as an energy source instead of glucose |
|
Definition
| Because they need to secrete glucose. |
|
|
Term
| Which parts of the body only use glucose as an energy source? |
|
Definition
| Brain and red blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Entry of sugars into metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesis of glucose from metabolic precursors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Central point of metabolism;
Generates precursors for biosynthesis |
|
|
Term
| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| Generates energy from transferring electrons to oxygen in a carefully controlled process |
|
|
Term
| Processes typically affected by mitochondrial diseases |
|
Definition
| TCA cycle and Oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fatty acids are the preferred Energy Storage Form. They are Stored as Triacylglycerol in Adipocytes and
Cannot be used to synthesize sugars. They Give rise to ketone bodies under special conditions. Diabetes and MCAD are two disorders associated with fatty acid metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HMP is an alternate means of glucose oxidation. It Converts six and five carbon sugars and Generates NADPH for biosynthesis. Direction of the pathway depends on the needs of the cell. |
|
|
Term
| Purine and Pyrimidine Synthesis and Degradation |
|
Definition
| All purines and pyrimidine can be synthesized de novo. Excessive degradation of purines leads to gout (uric acid accumulation). Salvage pathways reduce demand on biosynthetic pathway |
|
|
Term
| Urea Cycle and Amino Acid Metabolism |
|
Definition
| Ammonia is toxic to the nervous system, so amino acid nitrogen converted to urea for disposal. Amino acids give rise to glucose or acetyl-CoA, which enter TCA cycle at defined points. Hyperammonemia, PKU, MSUD, homocysteinemia are examples of disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Synthesizes Steroid Hormones and
Required Cofactors for Electron Transport. Cholesterol metabolism and recirculation of cholesterol throughout the body. Utilizes LDL, HDL, VLDL, chylomicrons. Typical disorder is Heart Disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzymes are proteins which aid the substrates in approaching the appropriate transition state. They reduce the amount of energy required to reach the transition state, but enzymes do not change the overall equilibrium constant of the reaction |
|
|
Term
| Why is enzyme regulation required? |
|
Definition
| Prevents opposing pathways from being active at the same time. If this does not occur, futile cycles (substrate cycling) occurs. Regulation also prevents making unneeded products and to ensure needed products are made. |
|
|
Term
| Types of enzyme regulation |
|
Definition
| long-term adaptation, feedback inhibition, allosteric modification, covalent modification, and compartmentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in amount of enzyme; occurs at transcriptional level. Examples are fatty acid biosynthesis and degradation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Product of pathway inhibits upstream enzymes. Example is glycolysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small molecule binding to any enzyme and altering its conformation. Occurs in almost every pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| e.g. adding a phosphate to a protein; cleaving precursors. Examples are glycolysis, glycogen metabolism, zymogen activation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| putting enzymes in one pathway in a compartment so different pathways don’t mix. Example is fatty acid synthesis vs degradation |
|
|
Term
| Why is it important to measure blood contents |
|
Definition
| To see if there are metabolic problems |
|
|
Term
| Blood levels of AST and ALT indicate what? |
|
Definition
| liver leakage (damage to the liver) |
|
|
Term
| Blood levels of amylase indicate what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood levels of amylase indicate what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood levels of isozymes of CPK and troponin indicate what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when two metabolic pathways run simultaneously in opposite directions and have no overall effect |
|
|
