Term
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Definition
| a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior |
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Definition
| the study of lumps on the skull as indicators of personality and character |
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Definition
| base of brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing |
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Definition
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Definition
| directs information from spine to cerebellum and cerebrum |
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Definition
| processes sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance |
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Definition
| neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives |
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Definition
| neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotions; the four "f's" |
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Definition
| survived after a spike went through his skull but his personality changed. gave insight to the function of the frontal lobe |
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Definition
| the brain's abilty to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways |
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Definition
| controls the left visual field and left hand. in charge of emotion and percepetion and intuitive reasoning |
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Definition
| controls the right visual field. in charge of language. when right visual field is flashed image can say what is was but cannot point at image of it. rationally explains behavior. in charge of calculating behavior. |
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Definition
| our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
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Definition
| the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory and language) |
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Term
| Where do most cognitive neurologists believe cognition takes place? Why? |
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Definition
| upper brainstem. because children born without a cerebral cortex still have some level of consciousness. |
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Term
| Do non-communicative patients still have consciousness? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks |
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Term
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Definition
| the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus. you now notice the weight of your clothes. |
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Term
| why is it dangerous to talk on the phone and drive? |
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Definition
| your selective awareness is jumping back and forth from the phone to the road |
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Definition
| failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere. i.e. not seeing a gorilla when paying attention to game |
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Definition
| failing to notice changes in the environement |
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Definition
| the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms such as when we wake up |
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Definition
| rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur, also usually completely relaxed externally while internally aroused |
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Term
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Definition
| the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state |
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Definition
| periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness |
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Definition
| false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus |
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Definition
| apt. to hallucinations or sensations. "falling sensation" |
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Definition
| characterized by sleep spindles or bursts of rapid, rythmic brain-wave activity. sleep talking occurs during this stage |
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Definition
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Definition
| brain emits delta waves . lasts for 30 mins. most likely to wet the bed or sleepwalk. hardest to awaken |
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Definition
| the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep |
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Term
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Definition
-increased immunity
-more efficient
-better focused
-lower risk for obesity and cancer |
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Term
| recommended amount of sleep each night |
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Definition
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Term
| How long does it take to "pay off" a sleep debt? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| recurring problems in falling or staying asleep |
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Term
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Definition
| a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times |
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Term
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Definition
| a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings |
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Definition
| a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep and are seldom remembered |
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Definition
| a sequence of images emotions and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind |
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Definition
| according to Freud the remembered story line of a dream |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Freud the underlying meaning of a dream |
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Term
| sleeping is thought to help people _____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation |
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Definition
| a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviours will spontaneously occur |
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Definition
| a suggestion made during a hypnosis session to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors |
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Definition
| a split in consciousness which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others |
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Definition
| a chemicals substance that alters perception and moods through their actions at the neural synapses |
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Term
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Definition
| the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug requiring larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect |
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Term
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Definition
| the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug |
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Term
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Definition
| a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions |
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Definition
| compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences |
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Definition
| drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions |
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Definition
| drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement |
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Term
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Definition
| opium and its derivatives such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine and ecstasy, that excite neural activity and speed up body functions |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes |
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Term
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Definition
| a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels |
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Term
| methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) |
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Definition
| ecstasy; as synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition |
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Term
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Definition
| psychedelic drugs, such as LSD that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input |
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Term
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Definition
| a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid |
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Term
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Definition
| the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations |
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Term
| What are some ways males and females tend to be the different? |
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Definition
-males have slightly higher self-esteem
-women smell fainter odors and express emotions more freely
-women are more likely to have depression, anxiety and an eating disorder
-men more likely to commit suicide, be an alcoholic, have autism, be colorblind, or have ADHD |
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Term
| Are boys raised as girls attracted to girls? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of expected behaviors for males or females |
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Term
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Definition
| our sense of being male or female |
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Term
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Definition
| the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and being rewarded or punished |
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Term
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Definition
| a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout the lifespan |
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Term
| three major issues of developmental psychology |
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Definition
1. nature vs. nurture
2. continuity vs. stages
3. stability vs. change |
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Term
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Definition
| the fertilized egg: it enters a 2 week period of raid cell division and develops into an embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| the developing human organism from about two weeks after fertilization through the second month |
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Term
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Definition
| the developing human organism from nine weeks to birth |
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Term
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Definition
| agents, such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm |
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Term
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Definition
| decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. *infants watching someone reach for the same toy* |
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Term
| What are we more likely to look at? |
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Definition
| face like objects and bulls-eye patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience *babies learn to walk before they run* |
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Term
| how long are infants memory? |
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Definition
| they retain memories for about a month |
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Term
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Definition
| the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating |
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Term
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Definition
| a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information |
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Term
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Definition
| interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas |
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Term
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Definition
| adapting our current understanding to incorporate new information |
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Term
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Definition
| the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived |
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Term
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Definition
| in Piaget's theory, the stage during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities |
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Term
| Piaget's stages of development |
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Definition
1. sensorimotor stage
2. preoperational stage
3. concrete operational stage
4. formal operational stage |
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Term
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Definition
| the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects |
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Term
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Definition
| the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view |
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Term
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Definition
| people's ideas about their own and other's mental states- about their feelings, perceptions and thoughts and the behaviors these might predict |
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Term
| concrete operational stage |
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Definition
| from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about abstract concepts |
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Term
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Definition
| stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of other's states of mind |
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Term
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Definition
| the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age |
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Term
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Definition
| an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation |
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Term
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Definition
| an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events |
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Term
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Definition
| information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions dr |
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Term
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Definition
| information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity and our psychological experience of them |
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Term
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Definition
| the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation. it assumes there is not single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue. |
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Term
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Definition
| below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response |
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Term
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Definition
the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time
*adding 1lb to 100lb does not really affect it* |
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Term
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Definition
| the principle that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) |
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Term
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Definition
| diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation (eyes are constantly moving) |
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Term
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Definition
| conversion of one form of energy in another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies such as sights, sounds and smells into neural impulses our brain can interpret |
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Term
| What is the function of sensory adaption? |
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Definition
| Sensory adaption focuses our attention on informative changes in our environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain |
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Term
| What is the function of pain? |
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Definition
| It is an alarm system that draws our attention to some physical problem. |
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Term
| What three things factor pain? |
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Definition
1. biological influences
2. psychological influences
3. social-cultural influences |
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Term
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Definition
| with both biological and psychological help |
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Term
| What are the basic forms of learning? |
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Definition
| Associative learning or observational learning |
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Term
| How did Pavlov's work influence behaviorism? |
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Definition
| Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. Pavlov's work laid the foundation for behaviorism |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes |
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Term
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Definition
| associating a conditioned stimuli with the unconditioned stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| diminished responding when CS no longer signals an impending US |
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Term
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Definition
| appearance of a formerly extinguished response following a rest period |
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Term
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Definition
| learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other irrelevant stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to a CS *baby and all white animals* |
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Term
| What affects classical conditioning? |
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Definition
| Cognitive processes and Biological constraints |
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Term
| Why is Pavlov's work important? |
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Definition
| Pavlov taught us that significant psychological phenomena can be studied objectively and that classical conditioning is a basic form of learning that applies to all species |
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Term
| What is operant conditioning? |
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Definition
| Operant conditioning is when an organism begins to associate a certain BEHAVIOR with a response *i.e. whining and kids* |
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Term
| How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning? |
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Definition
| operant conditioning is behavior. classical conditioning is stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
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Term
| partial (intermittent) reinforcement |
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Definition
| reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
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Term
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Definition
| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
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Term
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Definition
| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed |
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Term
| variable-interval schedule |
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Definition
| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals |
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Term
| What are possible negative side effects of punishment? |
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Definition
| Punishment can foster aggresion, fear, encouraging discrimination, fostering depression, and can only suppress the negative actions. |
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Term
| What can happen with excessive rewards? |
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Definition
| You undermine sense of intrinsic motivation. |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
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Term
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Definition
| a mental representation of the layout of one's environment |
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Term
| What is observational learning? What enables it? |
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Definition
| Learning by example. Mirror neurons |
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Term
| What is prosocial and antisocial modeling? |
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Definition
| Modeling that is either good behavior or bad behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| persistence of learning over time |
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Term
| Atkinson-Shiffrin three-stage memory model |
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Definition
| encoding, storage, retrieval |
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Term
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Definition
| unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, frequency,well-learned information |
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Term
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Definition
| encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
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Term
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Definition
| our tendency to retain information more easily if we practice it repeatedly than if we practice it in one long session |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to remember first and last item but not the ones in between |
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Term
| What effortful processing methods aid in forming memories? |
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Definition
| acoustic and visual encoding. i.e. mnemonic devices and flow charts |
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Term
| capacity and duration of short-term memory |
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Definition
| 5 +/- 2 and only a couple seconds unless we rehearse |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory |
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Term
| What are the two types of memory? |
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Definition
Declarative and nondeclarative
explicit and implicit |
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Term
| implicit (non-declarative) memory |
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Definition
| memories of skills and conditioned responses |
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Term
| explicit (declarative) memory |
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Definition
| memory of facts or details |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to retrieve information not in conscious awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to identify items previously learned |
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Term
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Definition
| is the ability to master previously stored information more quickly than you originally learned it |
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Term
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Definition
| cues catch our attention and tweak our web of associations, helping to move target information into conscious awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| process of activating associations (often unconsciously) |
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Term
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Definition
| we may fail to encode information. memories may fade after storage. we may simply not be able to retrieve the information. or sometimes we may repress the memories. |
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Term
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Definition
| when our imagined experiences become real memories |
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Term
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Definition
| when our imagined experiences become real memories |
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Term
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Definition
| when you remember the right thing but attribute it to the wrong person, place, etc. |
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Term
| What is the controversy surrounding repressed and recovered memory? |
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Definition
| Some innocent people have been falsely convicted. |
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Term
| How have psychologists studied attachment differences? What have they learned? |
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Definition
| attachment has been studied in strange situation experiments which show that some children are securely attached and others are insecurely attached. sensitive, responsive parents have securely attached children. adult relationships reflect early child attachment. |
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Term
| Do parental neglect, family disruption, or day care affect children's attachments? |
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Definition
| While children are very resilient. They need to form attachments by the age of two and need quality day care. |
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Term
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Definition
| a sense of one's identity and personal worth |
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Term
| How do children's self-concepts develop? |
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Definition
15-18months: recognize themselves in the mirror
school age: can describe many of their own traits
8-10: self image is stable |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| good balance for parenting |
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Term
| Piaget cognitive and moral development of adolescents |
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Definition
| adolescents carry the capacity for formal operations and this is the foundation of moral judgement |
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Term
| Kohlberg adolescent cognitive and moral development |
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Definition
| preconventional morality of self interest -> conventional morality of upholding the law -> postconventional morality of ethics |
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Term
| What are the social tasks and challenges of adolescence? |
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Definition
| Must solidify one's sense of identity. Social influence becomes more and more important. |
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Term
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Definition
| college kids. only in western cultures |
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Term
| How does intelligence and memory change with age? |
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Definition
| Fluid intelligence declines by crystallized intelligence does not. Recognition memory is still strong while other recall becomes more and more difficult. |
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Term
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Definition
| our ability to reason speedily and abstractly |
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Term
| crystallized intelligence |
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Definition
| our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills |
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Term
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Definition
| the culturally preferred timing of social events |
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Term
| intimacy and generativity |
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Definition
| love and work. two main aspects of adult life. |
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Term
| instinct/evolutionary perspective of motivated behavior |
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Definition
| explores genetic influences on complex behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| explores how physiological needs created aroused tensions states that direct us to satisfy those needs. explains curiosity-driven behaviors. |
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Term
| Maslow's hierarchy of needs |
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Definition
| pyramid of human needs, from basic needs such as hunger and thirst up to higher-level needs such as actualization and transcendence |
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Term
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Definition
| biologically fixed tendency to maintain an optimum weight |
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Term
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Definition
| excitement, plateau, orgasm |
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Term
| organizational psychologists |
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Definition
| examine influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitate organizational change |
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Term
| How do we tend to explain other's behavior and our own? |
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Definition
| We generally explain people's behavior by attributing it to internal dispositions and/or external situations |
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Term
| fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| we underestimate the influence of the situation on others' actions and overestimate the affect of dispositions to our own actions |
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Term
| Does what we think affect what we do or does what we do affect what we think? |
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Definition
| What we do affects what we do much more than vise versa. *foot-in-door phenomena* |
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Term
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Definition
| an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange for privileges or treats |
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Term
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Definition
| maintains that our emotional feelings follow our body's response |
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Term
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Definition
| proposes that our body responds to emotion at the same time that we experience emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| emotions have two ingredients physical arousal and a cognitive label |
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Term
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Definition
| determined, competitive, aggressive |
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Term
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Definition
| easygoing, relaxed people |
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