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Definition
| Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice. |
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| Controlled by genetic blueprint |
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| Russian physiologist (person who studies the workings of the body) who discovered classical conditioning through his work on digestion in dogs. |
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| learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex. |
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| Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response.
Unconditioned means “unlearned” or “naturally occurring” – drooling!! |
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| Unconditioned response (UCR) |
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Definition
| an involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus. |
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| Conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired it with the original unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned means “learned.”
A neutral stimulus can become a conditioned stimulus when paired with an unconditioned stimulus. |
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| Conditioned response (CR) |
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Definition
learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus.
Sometimes called a conditioned reflex. |
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| Classical Conditioning Concepts |
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Definition
The CS (neutral) must come before the UCS.
2. The CS and UCS must come very close together in time—ideally, only several seconds apart.
3. The neutral stimulus must be paired with the UCS several times, often many times, before conditioning can take place. |
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Definition
| the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response. |
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| the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning). |
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Definition
| the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred. |
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Term
| Higher-order conditioning |
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Definition
| a dog might be conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell, then a light would be flashed as the bell was sounded – the dog’s eventual response to the light is a higher-order conditioned response. |
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| Conditioned emotional response (CER) |
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Definition
emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person.
CERs may lead to phobias – irrational fear responses. |
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| John Watson and Rosalie Rayner |
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Definition
1. To eliminate Little Albert’s conditioned fear they could have shown a rat many times without a loud noise (UCS) following.
2. Even after Little Albert’s fear had been extinguished – most likely the fear would come back – spontaneous recovery. |
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Term
Taste Aversion: Researcher Garcia
--Conditioned taste aversion |
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Definition
| development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association. |
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Definition
| modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus. |
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Definition
| The CS must predict the UCS or conditioning does not occur. |
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Definition
| voluntary behavior learned through consequences |
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| Thorndike’s Law of Effect |
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Definition
responses followed by pleasurable consequences are repeated
Thorndike’s puzzle box |
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Definition
1904-1990
Studied observable, measurable behavior
operant – voluntary behavior
learning depends on consequences |
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| wanted to study only observable, measurable behavior. |
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Definition
| any behavior that is voluntary. |
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Definition
Behaviorist; wanted to study only observable, measurable behavior.
Gave “operant conditioning” its name.
Operant - any behavior that is voluntary.
Learning depends on what happens after the response — the consequence. |
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Definition
| any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again. |
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Definition
| any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch – A cupcake! |
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Definition
| any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars – Certificate of achievement! |
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Definition
| the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus. |
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Definition
| the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus. |
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| Different Types of Reinforcement |
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Definition
Positive – addition of pleasurable stimulus
Negative – removal, escape or avoidance of aversive stimulus |
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| Different Types of Punishment |
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Definition
Application – addition of unpleasant stimulus
Removal – removal of pleasurable stimulus
Punishment by removal vs. negative reinforcement |
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Definition
Severe punishment, fear and anxiety
Severe punishment and avoidance
Modeling of aggression |
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Definition
| the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior. ABA – Applied Behavior Analysis often used with autistic children |
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Definition
| Applied Behavior Analysis often used with autistic children |
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| Successive approximations |
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Definition
| small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior. |
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Definition
| occurs if the behavior (response) is not reinforced |
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Term
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Definition
| (reoccurrence of a once extinguished response) also happens in operant conditioning. |
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