Term
|
Definition
| Host that harbors sexually mature adult forms |
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Term
|
Definition
| Host that harbors larvae (asexual stage) of parasite |
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Term
|
Definition
| Other animals that harbor the parasite and are potential sources of human infection |
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Term
|
Definition
| Only one animal needed for entire life cycle (Human) |
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Term
|
Definition
| More than one animal host is REQUIRED to complete life cycle |
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Term
| Three major types of parasites |
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Definition
| Protozoa, helminths, arthropods |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Feeding stage and motile stage (IF they are motile, they are in this stage) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Non-feeding stage; relies on stored food, non-motile |
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Term
| Four major types of protozoa (main classification is by motility) |
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Definition
| Sporozoans, flagellates, amoebozoa, ciliate |
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Term
| Protozoa type: Non-motile trophozoite |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Protozoa type: Pseudopodia |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Protozoa type: Flagella motility |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Protozoa type: Cilia motility |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Malaria - parasite and class |
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Definition
| Plasmodium (P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. ovale, P. malariae) - sporozoan (non-motile trophozoite) |
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|
Term
| Malaria - endemic locations |
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Definition
| Africa, S. America, Southeast Asia |
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|
Term
| Malaria - penetration tool? |
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Definition
| Organelle at apical end (APIcomplexa) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Malaria - methods of transmission |
|
Definition
| Mosquito vector, ALSO blood transfusion/needle sharing, or congenital |
|
|
Term
| Malaria - first organ target, main organ affected |
|
Definition
| Liver first targeted, blood affected |
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|
Term
| Malaria - form that is injected by mosquito blood meal |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Malaria - form that is released after replicating in hepatocyte |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Malaria - form that is released after lysis of red blood cell |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Malaria - appearance of "ring" in RBC: use for diagnosis? |
|
Definition
| Single ring = P. vivax; Multiple rings = P. falciparum |
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|
Term
| Malaria - benign tertian malaria |
|
Definition
| 2d cycles; P. vivax, P. ovale |
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|
Term
| Malaria - malignant tertian malaria |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Malaria - Quartan malaria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Malaria - Sx besides non-specific flu-like |
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Definition
| Splenomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypoglycemia; pulmonary/renal dysfunction, CNS damage in P. falciparium |
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Term
|
Definition
| On immature RBCs only; P. vivax only invades cells with Duffy antigen (P. ovale does not). Null Duffy antigen protects people from P. vivax infection (Natural selection) |
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|
Term
| Malaria - P. vivax and P. ovale remain dormant using |
|
Definition
| Hypnozoites in the liver. Can be dormant for ~3 years. Not in P. malariae or P. falciparum, so no relapses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mature trophocyte; visible with Giemsa stain in P. vivax and P. ovale |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Chloroquine and primaquine (eliminates hypnozoites, must get the dormant ones in the liver too). Falciparum also uses quinine sulfate + doxy, clinda, Atovaquone-proguanil, Mefloquine |
|
|
Term
| Malaria - Type with most morbidity? Most mortality? |
|
Definition
| P. vivax = morbidity. P. falciparum = mortality |
|
|
Term
| Malaria - types by which age RBCs they infect |
|
Definition
| Vivax/ovale = only immature RBCs; Malariae = only mature RBCs; Falciparum = can infect either |
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|
Term
| Malaria - Sickle cell anemia trait protects from which form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Malaria - types by their incubation period |
|
Definition
| Falciparum (7-10d), Vivax/ovale (10-17d), Malariae (18-40d) |
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|
Term
| Malaria - P. falciparum pathogenesis |
|
Definition
| Adhesive PfEMP1 makes RBC membrane "sticky" causing it to impair blood flow and get sequestered to evade spleen clearance. PfEMP1 does antigenic variation |
|
|
Term
| Leishmaniasis - parasite and class |
|
Definition
| Leishmania donovani; Flagellate |
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|
Term
| Leishmaniasis - endemic in |
|
Definition
| Africa, Asia, Europe, N./S. America |
|
|
Term
| Leishmaniasis - promastigote form of parasite |
|
Definition
| Flagellated, adult, infective form, carried by sandfly |
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|
Term
| Leishmaniasis - amastigote form of parasite |
|
Definition
| Non-flagellated, obligate intracellular, divides in macrophages, diagnostic |
|
|
Term
| Leishmaniasis - main clinical forms (3) |
|
Definition
| Visceral (Multi-organ), Cutaneous (Ulcerative), Mucocutaneous (Mucus membrane destruction) |
|
|
Term
| Leishmaniasis - vector, transmission |
|
Definition
| Phlebotomus sandfly; zoonotic (animal reservoir, or humans as host, transmitted by vector) |
|
|
Term
| Leishmaniasis - Visceral form |
|
Definition
| Most severe, fulminating, opportunistic in AIDS, invasion of RES leads to enlarged lymph/spleen/liver |
|
|
Term
| Leishmaniasis - Cutaneous form |
|
Definition
| Red papule at bite site --> pruritic ulcer, slow-healing (disfiguring scar). Found in US military |
|
|
Term
| Leishmaniasis - Mucocutaneous form |
|
Definition
| Least prevalent; oral/nasal mucosae; 80% of untreated cutaneous ulcers progress to mucocutaneous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Detection of amastigotes in certain LOCATIONS used for Dx. CL or MCL: amastigotes in skin/mucus ulcers, promasitigotes in ulcer culture. VL: Amastigotes in organ biopsies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antimonial compounds, paramomycin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| African trypanosomiasis (T. brucei gambiense & rhodesiense) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Chagas disease - American Trypanosomiasis (T. cruzi) |
|
|
Term
| Afr. Tryp "Sleeping Sickness". - Parasite, class, location |
|
Definition
| T. brucei gambiense - West/Central; T. brucei rhodesiense - East Africa. Flagellate |
|
|
Term
| Afr. Tryp. - stages of infection |
|
Definition
| Chancre, hemolymphatic, meningoencephalitic (CNS) |
|
|
Term
| Afr. Tryp. West African Sleeping Sickness - Sx |
|
Definition
| Red lesion - to lymph nodes - Winterbottom Sign (inflammed neck, characteristic). Fever, rash, edema, then CNS (lethargy, tremors, paralysis, incontinence, coma, death) |
|
|
Term
| Afr. Tryp. East African Sleeping Sickness - Sx |
|
Definition
| More acute, fulminant, no Winterbottom, CNS invasion early |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large extracellular parasite (remember that both Malaria and Leishmaniasis have intracellular replication) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Suramin, Pentamidine for blood stage only |
|
|
Term
| Afr. Tryp. - antigenic variation |
|
Definition
| Variable Surface Glycoprotein (VSG) responsible for ups and downs in # of organisms, immune evasion |
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|
Term
| Am. Tryp - Chagas Disease - parasite, class |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Potential in southern 2/3 of US, but wild animal reservoir and infected bug's nests by human homes must overlap (not likely because needs to be hot and humid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bug feces; scratching lets it in the skin. Multiplies inside cells of striated muscle/heart |
|
|
Term
| Am. Tryp - other ways of exposure besides Reduviid |
|
Definition
| Blood transfusions, contaminated food (mucosal entry), congenital, research exposure |
|
|
Term
| Am. Tryp - Early clinical features |
|
Definition
| Rash around bite, then Romana's Sign (swollen eye; bites more common on face/neck). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CNS, flu-like, more common in children, progresses to death, recovery, or chronic phase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Mega-syndrome" enlargement of organs (cardiomyopathy, esophagus, megacolon) even 10yr after initial infection, CNS involvement leads to granulomas in brain, cyst formation, meningoencephalitis. No way to resolve at this stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood films, difficult to detect in chronic stage (biopsy), xenodiagnosis, serology/PCR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nifurtimox, Benznidazol (acute phase only), toxicity |
|
|
Term
| Toxoplasmosis - transmission |
|
Definition
| Kitty liter, undercooked meat, congenital (only severe if congenital or immunocompromised) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Benign if immunocompetent; most common cause of encephalitis in AIDS patients, necrotic brain lesions, ring enhancing lesions diagnostic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pirimethamine, sulfadiazine |
|
|
Term
| Giardiasis - transmission |
|
Definition
| Fecal-oral; cysts in water |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Most common protozoal GI infection; foul-smelling diarrhea, never fatal, IgA deficient individuals susceptible. Dx. By detecting parasite in feces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cryptosporidiosis - transmission |
|
Definition
| Fecal-oral, waterborne, zoonoses |
|
|
Term
| Cryptosporidiosis - clinical |
|
Definition
| Self-limiting diarrhea, can be severe & fatal in AIDS patients. Dx by detecting oocytes in feces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Supportive care (paramomycin, mitazoxanide, anti-diarrheals) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amebic Dysentery, bloody, trophozoites adhere & secrete toxins, causing abscesses in organs like liver. Dx by detecting multinucleated cyst/trophozoite intraintestinal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trichomoniasis - transmission |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trichomoniasis - clinical |
|
Definition
| UTI, vaginitis, urethritis, greenish discharge. Dx by detecting parasite in vaginal/urethral/prostatic secretion, no cyst. ONLY FLAGELLATED organism ever found in vaginal/urethral discharge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cutaneous/visceral leishmaniasis - organ affected |
|
Definition
| Skin and reticuloendothelial cells (macrophages) |
|
|
Term
| African trypanosomiasis - organ affected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| American trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease) - organ affected |
|
Definition
| Blood, heart, esophagus, colon |
|
|
Term
| Toxoplasmosis - organ affected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Giardiasis - organ affected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cryptosporidiosis - organ affected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amebiasis (amebic dystentery) - organ affected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trichomoniasis - organ affected |
|
Definition
|
|
