Term
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Definition
| nerve cells, the basic elements of the nervous system |
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Definition
| a cluster of fibers at one end of a neuron that receives messages from other neurons |
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Definition
| the part of a neuron that carries messages destined for other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| small bulges at the end of axons that send messages to other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| a protective coat of fat and protein that wraps around the axon |
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Term
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Definition
| the rule that neurons are either on or off |
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Term
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Definition
| the state in which there is a negative electrical charge of about -70 millivolts within a neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| an electric nerve impulse that travels through a neurons axon when it is set off by a trigger, changing the neurons charge from negative to positive |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized neurons that fire not only when a person enacts a particular behavior, but also when a person simply observes another individual carrying out the same behavior |
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Term
| help explain how and why humans have the capacity to understand others intentions. |
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Definition
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Term
| the discovery of ___ suggests that the capacity of even young children to imitate may be an inborn behavior. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the space between two neurons where the axon of a sending neuron communicates with the dendrites of a receiving neuron by using chemical messages |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to the dendrite (and sometimes to the cell body) of a receiver neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical message that makes it more likely that a receiving neuron will fire and an action potential will travel down its axon. |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical message that prevents or decreases the likelihood that a receiving neuron will fire |
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Term
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Definition
| the reabsorption of neurotransmitters by a terminal button |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotransmitter located in the brain, has an inhibitory or excitatory effect, functions in movement control, pleasure and reward, attention |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the most common neurotransmitters, is involved in every move because it transmits messages relating to our skeletal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotransmitter located in brain and spinal chord; inhibitory effect; sleeping, eating, mood, pain, depression |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotransmitter located in brain & spinal cord; effect is primarily inhibitory except in hippocampus; functions in pain suppression, pleasurable feelings, apetites, placebos |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| a bundle of neurons that leaves the brain and runs down the length of the back and is the main means for transmitting messages between the brain and the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| an automatic, involuntary response to an incoming stimulus |
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Term
| sensory (afferent) neurons |
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Definition
| neurons that transmit information from the perimeter of the body to the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons that communicate information from the nervous system to muscles and glands |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons, carrying messages between the two. |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| the part of the nervous system that includes the autonomic and somatic subdivisions; made up of neurons with long axons and dendrites, it branches out from the spinal cord and brain and reaches the extremities of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the peripheral nervous system that specializes in the control of voluntary movements and the communication of information to and from the sense organs |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary movement of the heart, glands, lungs, and other organs |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the autonomic division of the nervous system that acts to prepare the body for action in stressful situations, engaging all the organisms resources to respond to a threat |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the autonomic division of the nervous system that acts to calm the body after an emergency has ended |
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Term
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Definition
| the branch of psychology that seeks to identify behavior patterns that are a result of our genetic inheritance from out ancestors. |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the effects of heredity on behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical communication network that sends messages throughout the body via the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals that circulate through the blood and regulate the functioning or growth of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| the major component of the endocrine system, or master gland, which secretes hormones that control growth and other parts of the endocrine system. |
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Term
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Definition
| the old brain, which controls basic functions such as eating and sleeping and is common to all vertebrates |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the brain that controls bodily balance |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the brain extending from the medulla through the pons and made up of groups of nerve cells that can immediately activate other parts of the brain to produce general bodily arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the brain located in the middle of the central core that acts primarily to relay info about the senses |
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Term
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Definition
| a tiny part of the brain, located below the thalamus, that maintains homeostasis and produces and regulates vital behavior, such as eating, drinking, and sexual behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the brain that controls eating, aggression, and reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| the new brain, responsible for the most sophisticated information processing in the brain; contains four lobes |
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Term
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Definition
| the four major sections of the cerebral cortex; frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the cortex that is largely responsible for the bodys voluntary movement |
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Term
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Definition
| the site in the brain of the tissue that corresponds to each of the senses, with the degree of sensitivity related to the amount of tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the major regions of the cerebral cortex; the site of the higher mental processes, such as thought, language, memory, or speech |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in the brain that occur throughout the life span relating to the addition of new neurons, and the reorganization of information processing areas |
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Term
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Definition
| the creation of new neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| symmetrical left and right halves of the brain that control the side of the body opposite to their location |
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Term
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Definition
| the dominance of one hemisphere of the brain in specific functions, such as language |
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Term
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Definition
| a procedure in which a person learns to control through conscious thought internal phsyiological processes such as blood pressure, heart and respiration rate, skin temp, sweating, and the constriction of particular muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| the activation of the sense organs by a source of physical energy |
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Term
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Definition
| the sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain |
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Term
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Definition
| energy that produces a response in a sense organ |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the relationship between the physical aspects of stimuli and our psychological experience of them |
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for the stimulus to be detected |
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest level of added or reduced stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred |
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Term
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Definition
| states that just a noticeable difference is a constant proportion to the intensity of the initial stimulus (rather than a constant amount) |
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Term
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Definition
| an adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| transparent, protective window. because of its curvature, it bends (refracts) light as it passes through, playing a primary role in focusing the light more sharply. |
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Term
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Definition
| dark hole in the center of the iris, the size of its opening depends on the amount of light in the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| the colored part of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the eye that converts the electromagnetic energy of light to electrical impulses for transmission to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| receptor cells in the retina that are highly sensitive to light |
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Term
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Definition
| light sensitive receptor cells in the retina that are responsible for sharp focus and color perception, particularly in bright light |
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Term
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Definition
| primarily responsible for the sharpely focused perception of color, particularly in bright light situation |
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Term
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Definition
| related to vision in dimly lit situations and are largely insensitive to color and to details |
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Term
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Definition
| play a key role in peripheral vision |
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Term
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Definition
| a bundle of ganglion axons that carry visual info to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| point between the eyes where the optic nerve meets |
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Term
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Definition
| the activation of neurons in the cortex by visual stimuli of specific shapes or patterns |
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Term
| The stimulus, light energy, enters the eye through a transparent cornea then through the pupil, which is not a structure in itself, but rather an opening. The size of the pupil is regulated by the iris. At this point, the light is focused by a camera-like lens onto the back of the retina. |
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Definition
| describe how light enters the eye |
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Term
| trichromatic theory of color vision |
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Definition
| the theory that there are three kinds of cones in the retina, each of which responds primarily to a specific range of wavelengths. |
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Term
1. blue/violet
2. green
3. yellow/red |
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Definition
| 3 colors of the trichromatic theory |
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Term
| opponent process theory of color vision |
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Definition
| the theory that receptor cells for color are linked in pairs, working in opposition to each other |
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Term
1. red/green
2. blue/yellow
3. white/black |
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Definition
| 3 sets of opponent colors in the opponent process theory |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of air molecules brought about by a source of vibration |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| hammer, anvil, and stirrup |
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Definition
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Term
| cochlea and basal membrane |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| funnels sounds into the auditory canal |
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Term
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Definition
| transmit vibrations to the oval window, amplifies and increases vibrations |
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Term
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Definition
| the portion of the ear that changes the sound vibrations into a form in which they can then be transmitted to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the ear that vibrates when sound waves hit it |
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Term
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Definition
| a coiled tube in the ear filled with fluid that vibrates in response to sound |
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Term
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Definition
| a vibrating structure that runs through the center of the cochlea, dividing it into an upper chamber and lower chamber, and contains sense receptors for sound |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny cells covering the basilar membrane that, when bent by vibrations entering the cochlea, transmit neural messages to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| part of retina; contains only cones |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of wave cycles that occur in a second |
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Term
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Definition
| the characteristic that makes sound seem high or low |
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Term
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Definition
a feature of wave patterns that allows us to distinguish between loud and soft sounds.
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that different areas of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies |
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Term
| frequency theory of hearing |
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Definition
| the theory that the entire basilar membrane acts like a microphone, vibrating as a whole in response to sound |
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Term
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Definition
| we hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the basilar membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| the rate of neural impulses matches the frequency of sound. Cant explain high frequency of sound, but does good on the low end |
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Term
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Definition
| three tubelike structures of the inner ear containing fluid that sloshes through them when the head moves, signaling rotational or angular movement to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the senses of touch, pressure, temp, and pain |
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Term
| gate control theory of pain |
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Definition
| the theory that particular nerve receptors in the spinal cord lead to specific areas of the brain related to pain |
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Term
| gestalt laws of organization |
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Definition
| a series of principles that describe how we organize bits and pieces of info into meaningful wholes |
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Term
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Definition
| perception that is guided by higher level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations |
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Term
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Definition
| perception that consists of the progression of recognizing and processing info from individual components of a stimuli and moving to the perception of the whole |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to view the world in 3-D and to perceive distance |
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Term
| proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, and simplicity |
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Definition
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Term
| Stimulus (sound wave) enter the outer ear, or pinnae, and cause vibrations of the eardrum. The eardrum vibrates the bones of the middle ear (hammer, anvil, and stirrup), which in turn cause vibrations in the fluid-filled cochlea of the inner ear. The movement of fluid stimulate tiny hair cells on the basilar membrane, which convert this stimulation to neural impulses which are then sent to the brain via the auditory nerve |
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Definition
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Term
1. size constancy
2. color constancy
3. shape constancy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| phenomenon in which physical objects are perceived as unvarying and constant despite changes in their appearance or in the physical environment |
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Term
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Definition
| adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| fovea: only cones; highest visual acuity blindspot: no photoreceptors |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| monitors position of body parts; sense organs in joints, tendons and muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| keeps you informed of your body position in space; helps keep you upright; sense of balance |
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Term
| just noticeable difference |
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Definition
| is the smallest detectable difference between a starting and secondary level of a particular sensory stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| problem in transferring soundwaves to auditory nerves; anything along the way prior to the neurons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
1. interposition
2. linear perspective
3. relative size
4. texture gradient
5. motion parallax |
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Definition
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Term
1. retinal disparity
2. convergence |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| awareness of sensations, thoughts and feelings we experience as well as our understanding of the environment around us and our own internal world |
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Term
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Definition
| the state of transition between wakefulness and sleep, characterized by relatively rapid, low-amplitude brain waves |
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Term
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Definition
| a deeper sleep characterized by a slower more regular wave pattern, along with momentary interruptions of sleep spindles |
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Term
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Definition
| a sleep characterized by slow brain waves, with greater peaks and valleys than the previous stage |
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Term
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Definition
| the deepest stage of sleep, during which we are least responsive to outside stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| occupies 20% of adults sleeping time; charectarized by increased heart rate, bp, respiration, erections, eye movements, and the experience of dreaming |
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Term
| unconscious wish fulfillment theory |
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Definition
| sigmund freuds theory that dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to see fulfilled. |
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Term
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Definition
| according to freud, the disguised meaning of dreams, hidden by more obvious subjects |
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Term
| manifest content of dreams |
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Definition
| according to freud, the apparent story line of dreams |
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Term
| dreams for survival theory |
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Definition
| the theory suggesting that dreams permit info that is critical for our daily survival to be reconsidered and reprocessed during sleep. |
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Term
| activation-synthesis theory |
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Definition
| hobsons theory that the brain produces random electrical energy during REM sleep that stimulates memories stored in the brain. |
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Term
| activation synthesis theory |
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Definition
| dream scenario that is constructed is related to dreamers concerns |
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Term
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Definition
| biological processes that occur regularly on approximately a 24 hour cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| fantasies that people construct when awake |
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Term
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Definition
| a trancelike state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others |
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Term
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Definition
| a learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that influence a persons emotions, perceptions, or behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that produce a biological or pschological dependence in the user so that withdrawal from them leads to some craving for the drug that, in some cases, may be nearly irresistable |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that have an arousal effect on the cns, causing a rise in heart rate, bp, and muscular tension |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that slow down the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| a drug that is capable of producing hallucinations, or changes in the perceptual process |
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Term
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Definition
| trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or premature awakening |
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Term
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Definition
| cessation of respiration during sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden overwhelming sense of sleep, up to the point where body control is lost |
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Term
1. forced hypnosis
2. unethical behavior
3. exceptional memory
4. superhuman acts |
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Definition
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Term
1. anathesia
2. sensory distortion or hallucinations
3. lowered inhibitions
4. posthypnotic suggestions |
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Definition
| interesting hypnosis effects that can be projected |
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Term
1. increased hr, rapid breathing, genital arousal
2. sleep paralysis
3. paradoxical sleep - beta waves (similar to alert individual) |
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Definition
| 3 characteristics of REM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| the body becomes so accustomed to functioning in the presence of the drug that it cannot function without it |
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Term
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Definition
| people believe they need the drug to respond to the stresses of daily living |
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Term
1. evolutionary/circadian theory
2. restorative theory
3. consolidation |
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Definition
| 3 theories on why we sleep |
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Term
CNS: brain and spinal cord
PNS: 1. somatic division: voluntary
2. autonomic division: involutary, consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. |
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Definition
| Make up of the nervous system |
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Term
1. Resting potential (-70 mV): inside and outside are positive
2. Stimulation from other neurons open up channels to let in sodium ions
3. If inside charge reaches threshold (-60mV), channels open wide and NA+ rushes in, changing internal charge to +40mV |
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Definition
| what triggers an action potential |
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Term
1. synthesis
2. release
3. binding
4. inactivation
5. reuptake |
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Definition
| stages of synaptic transmission |
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Term
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Definition
| bridge of all fibers passing information between two hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The space between two neurons where the axon of a sending neuron communicates with the dendrites of a receiving neuron by using chemical messages. |
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Term
1. frontal lobe
2. temporal lobe
3. parietal lobe
4. occipital lobe |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving |
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Term
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Definition
| associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| associated with visual processing |
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Term
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Definition
| associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech |
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Term
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Definition
| main inhibitory neurotransmitter; functions in eating, aggression, and sleeping |
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Term
1. Medulla: controls functions such as breathing and heartbeat
2. Pons: coordinates muscles and the two sides of the body
3. cerebellum: balance
4. reticular formation: heightens awareness in emergencies
5. thalamus: communicates sensory messages to and from the brain
6. Hypothalamus: maintains homeostasis and regulates behavior related to basic survival |
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Definition
| makeup of the brain and functions |
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Term
left: verbal tasks, logical reasoning, speaking, and reading
right: nonverbal tasks, spatial perception, pattern recognition, emotional expression |
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Definition
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Term
| hippocampus, hypothalamus, and amygdala |
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Definition
| the limbic system includes the: |
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Term
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Definition
| controls functions such as breathing and heartbeat |
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Term
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Definition
| coordinates the muscles and the two sides of the body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| heightens awareness in emergencies |
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Term
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Definition
| communicates sensory messages to and from the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| maintains homeostasis and regulates behavior related to basic survival |
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