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10.12 Dermatopathology I
at 8:30, using the old powerpoint by Dr. Espinoza
79
Pathology
Professional
10/12/2011

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Term
Tonofilaments are found in which cell fo the epidermis?
Definition
keratinocytes
Term
What are the prominant cytologic feature of melanocytes?
Definition
melanosomes
Term
What are the prominent features of langerhans cells?
Definition
birbeck granules
Term
What are the granules of merkel cells called?
Definition
neurosecretory granules
Term
Describe the histological features of keratinocytes.
Definition
tonofilaments, tonofibrils, desmosomes, and hemidesmosomes
Term
What are the two types of sweat glands?
Definition
eccrine and apocrine
Term
What are the adnexal structures of the skin?
Definition
sweat and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, nails
Term
What do you call a small traumatic breakage of the epidermis causing a raw linear area that is usually self induced?
Definition
excoriation
Term
What is lichenification?
Definition
thickened and rough skin with prominent skin markings
Term
What is a macule/patch?
Definition
cirucumscribed flat skin lesion usually of different color. Macule if 5 mm or smaller in diameter. Patch if greater than 5mm
Term
What is a papule?
Definition
elevated solid area equal to or smaller than 5 mm in diameter
Term
What is a nodule?
Definition
elevated solid area greater than 5 mm in diameter
Term
What is a plaque?
Definition
elevated flat topped area usually greater than 5 mm in diameter
Term
What is a cavity within or under the epidermis filled with fluid called?
Definition
blister
Term
Whta are the different kinds of blisters?
Definition
vesicles: blister less than 5 mm
bulla: blister more than 5 mm
pustule: cavity containing pus
Term
What is a wheal?
Definition
acutely raised elevated area formed as a result of dermal edema
Term
What is a scale?
Definition
platelike excrescence of horn
Term
What is a crust?
Definition
coagulated plasma and tissue fluid containing degenerated epidermal and inflammatory cells
Term
What do you call partial loss of the epidermis?
Definition
erosion
Term
What do you call loss of all epidermis and at least a part of the dermis?
Definition
ulceration
Term
What are lentigo/lentiguines?
Definition
tan brown macules
Term
What are the different types of lentigo?
Definition
lentigo simplex, lentigo seniles, lentigo maligna
Term
What is lentigo simlex a precursor of?
Definition
precursor of junctional nevus
Term
What is lentigo seniles a precursor of?
Definition
precursor of seborrheic keratosis
Term
What is lentigo maligna a precursor of?
Definition
precursor of lentigo maligna melanoma
Term
Describe lentigo simplex grossly and histologically.
Definition
tan or brown macules or patches taht do not darken with sun exposure.
linear melanocytic hyperplasia within epidermal basal cell layer (Lentiginous pattern)
Term
Lentigo seniles is aka _________- and is caused by __________.
Definition
solar lentigo/actinic lentigo
sun damaged skin of older individuals
Term
What is a nevocellular nevus?
Definition
benign tumor of melanocytes that looks like a well circumscribed macule or papule
Term
What are the three types of nevocellular nevuses?
Definition
junctional, dermal and compound
Term
What is a blue nevus?
Definition
nodule composed of pigmented melanocytes in the reticular dermis
Term
What are the two types of blue nevuses?
Definition
common and cellular
Term
Describe congenital nevuses.
Definition
present at birth and has deep dermal and sometimes subcutaneous growth. Involves appendages, vessels and nerves
Term
What do spindle and epitheloid nevuses look like?
Definition
red pink nodule less than 6 mm in diameter
Term
Spindle and epitheloid nevuses are common in what types of patients?
Definition
children
Term
What do spindle/epitheloid nevuses look like histologically?
Definition
large cells that mature as they descend into the dermis
Term
What do dysplastic nevuses look like grossly?
Definition
multiple, irregular color, surface more than 5 mm in diameter
Term
What do dysplastic nevuses look like histologically?
Definition
cytological atypia, abnormal shape and distribution of nests, lymphocytic infiltrate and fibrosis of dermis
Term
Dysplastic nevuses are part of a genetic defect that is inherited in what pattern?
Definition
AD
Term
What are the clinical features of a malignant melanoma?
Definition
asymmetric, border is irregular, color variable, diameter is > 6mm
Term
What are the histological features of malignant melanoma?
Definition
melanocytic atypia, irregular distribution, lentiginous and pagetoid radial spread, lack of verticle maturation
Term
What are the different presentations of malignant melanoma?
Definition
lentigo maligna, superficial spreading, acrolentigenous, nodular melanoma
Term
Describe lentigo maligna melanoma.
Definition
sundamage skin of elderly caucasians; years of radial growth phase; usually the cells are spindle
Term
What is the most common form of melanoma in dark-skinned people?
Definition
acro-lentigineous melamona
Term
Describe acrolentigineous melanoma?
Definition
includes palms, soles and subungual regions. In radial phase cells are dendritic. invertical phase they are spindle or epitheloid
Term
What are the characteristics of superficial spreading melanoma?
Definition
radial grwoth predominant over verticle growth. Usually grows in months
Term
What are the characteristics of nodular melanoma?
Definition
verticle growth phase from onset, the thicker tumors have the worse prognosis
Term
What are the benign epithelial tumors?
Definition
seborrheic keratoses, acanthosis nigricans, fibroepithelial polyp, adnexal (appendage) tumors, epithelial cyst (wen)
Term
What is the sign of leser-trelat?
Definition
when seborrheic keratoses occur explosively in large numbers ars part of a paraneoplstic syndrome possibly because of TGF alpha produced by tumor cells (most commonly GI)
Term
Describe the features of seborrheickeratoses?
Definition
hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, pseudohorn cysts, horn cysts, and squamous eddies. Stuck on pattern
Term
Describe the gross appearance of acanthosis nigricans?
Definition
dark velvety flexural skin; ondulated epidermis with hyperkeratosis
Term
Benign acanthosis nigricans is due to...
Definition
idiopathic, endocrine, inherited
Term
What is a fibroepithelial polyp aka?
Definition
skin tag or acrochordon
Term
What are fibroepihtlial polyps?
Definition
epidermis covered fibrovascular core without adnexa
Term
What are adnexal tumors? List examples.
Definition
tumors that differentiate towards adnexal structures.
epithelial cyst, adenomas, epitheliomas, primordial epitheliomas, carcinomas, tumors of sebaceous glands
Term
What are the adnexal sebaceous gland tumors?
Definition
steatocystoma multiplex, sebaceous adenoma, sebaceous epithelioma, basal cell with sebaceous differention, sebaceous carcinoma
Term
What do epithelial cysts look like grossly?
Definition
dome shaped, smooth, flesh-colored moveable nodules
Term
What are the different types of epithelial cysts?
Definition
epidermal inclusion, dermoid cyst, pilar yst or trichilemmal cyst, steatocystoma multiplex, hidrocystoma
Term
What causes dermoid cysts?
Definition
result of sequestration of full thickness skin along lines of embryonic closure (congenital lesion)
Term
What are the most common places for dermoid cysts?
Definition
head and neck
Term
What is a pilar cyst?
Definition
aka trichilemmal cyst; epithelial cyst with a wall that resembles follicular epithelium without a granular cell layer and filled by a more homogeneous mixture of keratin and lipid
Term
What is steatocystoma multiplex?
Definition
cyst with a wall resembling the sebaceous gland duct and from which numerous compressed sebaceous lobules originate. Dominantly hertible lesions due to missense mutations.
Term
what are the two types of hidrocystomas?
Definition
eccrine and apocrine
Term
What are the premalignant and malignant epidermal tumors?
Definition
actinic ceratosis, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma
Term
What is actinic keratosis?
Definition
premalignant scaly lesions in sun-exposed areas. Causes focal dysplasia of epidermis and parakeratosis is common
Term
What are the predisposing factors to squamous cell carcinoma?
Definition
sunburn, tars, others
Term
What is squamous cell carcinoma?
Definition
scaly, common sun-exposed carcinoma that is due to confluent growth of atypical keratinocytes in epidermis, adnexa or dermis
Term
What does basal cell carcinoma look like grossly?
Definition
pearly papule with telangiectasia
Term
Describe the growth/metastasis pattern of basal cell carcinoma.
Definition
slow growing tumor that rarely metastasizes
Term
What is the histological appearance of basal cell carcinoma?
Definition
basaloid cells with peripheral palisading
Term
What are predisposing factors for basal cell carcinoma?
Definition
basal cell nevus syndrome
Term
What are the different types of fibrohistiocytomas?
Definition
benign: dermatofibroma
intermediate malignancy: dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
malignant: malignant fibrous histiocytoma
Term
What are two examples of tumors of cells migrans to skin?
Definition
mycosis funcoides (cutaneous T cell lymphoma) and mastocytosis
Term
Fibrohistiocytomas are tumors of the ____.
Definition
dermis
Term
What is mycosis fungoides?
Definition
cutaneous T cell lymphoma characterized by pautrier microabscesses and sezary-Lutzner cell
Term
What is Sezary syndrome?
Definition
seeding of the blood by malignant T cells that is accompanied by diffuse erythema and scaling of the entire body surface (erythroderma)
Term
What is urticaria pigmentosa?
Definition
a localized cutaneous form of mastocytosis. Lesions are multiple nonscaling papules and small plaques.
Term
what stains are used to identify mastocytosis?
Definition
toluidine blue, geimsa, leder stain (Naphtol AS-D chloroacetate esterase)
Term
What are the layers of the epidermis?
Definition
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale
Term
What are the layers of the dermis?
Definition
papillary then reticular dermis
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