Term
| What are the effects of scattering? |
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Definition
| Reduces the intensity of the direct radiation reaching the surface, but at the same time creates blue skies, red sunsets and white clouds. |
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Term
| Explain how incoming solar radiation is affected by the atmosphere. |
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Definition
| It is subject to absorption and scattering, while a certain amount is able to be transmitted to the surface. |
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Term
| State the proportions of incoming solar energy that are reflected, scattered or absorbed. |
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Definition
25% of incoming solar radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere
25% is scattered back into space.
50% reaches the surface, some of which is reflected back into space. |
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Term
| Explain how energy is transferred between the surface and the atmosphere. |
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Definition
| They radiate longwave energy back and forth, with a substantial amount escaping back into space. |
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Term
| When energy is transferred between the surface and the atmosphere, which has a net radiation surplus? |
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Definition
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Term
| When energy is transferred between the surface and the atmosphere, which has a net radiation defecit? |
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Definition
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Term
| What offsets the radiation deficit of the atmosphere and surplus of the surface? |
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Definition
| Convection of sensible and latent heat. |
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Term
| Explain the role of the greenhouse effect in warming the atmosphere. |
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Definition
| Manner in which short wave radiation enters the Earth atmosphere surface system but is retained by the absorption of longwave energy by green house gases. |
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Term
| In the most general sense, what tends to happen to temperatures with latitude outside of the tropics? |
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Definition
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Term
| Land regions tend to be what in the summer than adjacent oceanic areas? |
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Definition
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Term
| Land regions tend to be what in the winter than adjacent oceanic areas? |
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Definition
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Term
| The hemisphere experiencing what season, exhibits stronger latitudinal temperature gradients than that having summer? |
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Definition
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Term
| The hemisphere experiencing winter, exhibits stronger latitudinal temperature gradients than that having what season? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the factors that influence temperatures on Earth's surface. |
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Definition
Latitude
Altitude/Elevation
Atmospheric Circulation Patterns
Continentality
Effect of warm versus cold currents
Local factors |
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Term
| Why do temperatures not peak at solar noon or exactly on the solstices? |
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Definition
| There is a lag between those events and the time at which outgoing radiation catches up to incoming radiation. |
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Term
| How are temperatures measured (not by weather stations or research sites) |
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Definition
| Thermometers which can provide simple readings of current, maximum and minimum temperatures using mercury or dryed alcohol. |
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Term
| How to calculate daily temperature averages? |
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Definition
| Adding the maximum and minimum temperatures and dividing by two. |
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Term
| How to calculate monthly and annual values for temperature? |
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Definition
| Obtained by the traditional method of calculating mean values. |
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Term
| How are Daily Ranges obtained? |
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Definition
| Finding the differences between maximum and minimum temperatures |
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Term
| How are Annual Ranges obtained? |
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Definition
| Differences between the warmest and coldest monthly averages |
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Term
| List useful indexes of temperature that are good for planning outdoor activities, seasonal energy use, and agriculture. |
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Definition
Heating and cooling degree days
Growing degree-days |
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Term
| What do Thermodynamic diagrams provide? |
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Definition
| Valuable information for vertical transects of the atmosphere. |
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Term
| What is one of the simplest applications of thermodynamic diagrams? |
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Definition
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Term
| What in the past century, especially since the mid 20th century, substantially warmed the Earth's climate? |
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Definition
| Activities of humans that increase atmospheric green house gases. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How much of the energy emitted by the Sun is transferred to Earth as Electromagnetic Radiation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Rate energy is used, released, transferred or received. |
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Term
| List Ways Heat Transfer Can Occur |
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Definition
Conduction
Convection
Radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| Transferring heat through contact, molecule to molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs in fluids, when the fluid is heated it becomes less dense and rises, while colder and more dense fluid sinks, causes a transfer of heat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer of energy that requires no physical medium, electromagnetic energy continually emitted by all substances depending on their temperature. |
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Term
| What does Radioactive Wave Height Refer To? |
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Definition
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Term
| Heat is what kind of radiation? |
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Definition
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Term
| List is what kind of radiation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Color is determined by what quality of light? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Intensity of Radiation = Temperature^4 |
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Term
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Definition
| The Higher the Temperature The Shorter The Wavelength, the colder the temperature the longer the wavelength. |
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Term
| The higher the temperature, the shorter the what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The colder the temperature, what is the effect on the wavelength? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do you go for official weather information? |
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Definition
National Hurricane Center
nhc.noaa.gov |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three things that can occur during Insolation? |
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Definition
Absorption
Reflection & Scattering
Transmission |
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Term
| Is Insolation Short or Longwave Radiation? |
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Definition
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Term
| When Insolation is absorbed as heat, is it longwave or shortwave radiation? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability of a substance to reflect light that is proportional the color of the substance. |
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Term
| The energy that is reflected by a surface is not what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The incoming energy goes straight back out the way it came. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Incoming energy is pushed away in all directions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The incoming short wave energy heats the object and emits long wave radiation. |
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Term
| What are the three types of scattering? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Rayleigh Scattering |
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Definition
| The scattering of energy caused by the target of the energy being smaller than a tenth of the wavelength of the incoming energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Scattering caused when energy targets something the same size or greater size the wavelength of the incoming energy. |
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Term
| Define Non-Selective Scattering |
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Definition
| When atmospheric particles are extremely larger than the wavelength of incoming radiation, scattering all wavelengths equally to create a white appearance. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| The amount of atmosphere the light has to go through during Rayleigh scattering can trigger different colors. |
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Term
| Aerosols are normally involved in what kind of scattering? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Dust, smoke, larger than gas molecules. |
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Term
| In what direction does Mie Scattering normally occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do hazy days appear gray? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes clouds to appear white? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to 30% of Solar Insolation In The Atmosphere? |
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Definition
| Reflected back into space |
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Term
| What reflects back into space 17% of Solar Insolation In The Atmosphere? |
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Definition
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Term
| What reflects back into space 6% of Solar Insolation In The Atmosphere? |
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Definition
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Term
| What reflects back into space 7% of Solar Insolation In The Atmosphere? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to 23% of Solar Insolation In The Atmosphere? |
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Definition
| Absorbed by Clouds and Gases |
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Term
| What happens to 47-51% of Solar Insolation In The Atmosphere? |
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Definition
| Absorbed by Earth's Surface and Oceans and converted into Long wave radiation as heat. |
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Term
| What kind of case of the green house effect is Earth going through? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How do Green House Gases Behave? |
|
Definition
| They allow short wave radiation (light) in and absorb long wave radiation (heat) and admits long wave radiation in all directions. |
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Term
| Is light short wave or long wave? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is heat short wave or long wave? |
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Definition
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