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| CO2 and control of breathing, gas analyzer |
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| O2 debt, bioenergetics of movement |
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| fight or flight response, homeostasis |
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| maintenance of a constant NORMAL internal environment, usually describing systems at rest |
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| maintenance of an UNCHANGING internal environment, usually describing systems under stress |
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| fluids and the human body (3 pts) |
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-56% of the adult human body is fluid
-2/3 fo fluid is inside cells (intracellular)
-1/3 of fluid is outside of cells (extracellular)
all cells live in the same internal environment: the EXTRACELLULAR fluid |
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| regulation of bodily functions: nervous system |
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sensory input: detects the state of the body and/or its surroundings
CNS (integrative portion): the brain and spinal cord; determines proper responses to stimuli
motor output: carries out responses as directed by CNS |
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| regulation of bodily functions: hormonal system |
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| primarily regulates metabolic functions via chemical messengers secreted from 8 major endocrine glands |
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| biological control system |
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a series of interconnected components that serve to maintain a physical or chemical parameter of an organism at or near a constant value
if a factor becomes excessive or deficient, a control systems initiates NEGATIVE FEEDBACK |
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| components of a biological control system: RECEPTOR |
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| structures which detect a change (stimulus) in a physiological variable |
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| components of a biological control system: INTEGRATION CENTER |
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| structure which receives information from the receptor and elicits an appropriate response |
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| components of a biological control system: EFFECTOR |
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| structures responsible for carrying out the response initiated by the integration center |
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-most control systems act by negative feedback
-act to return deficient or excessive factors toward normal
-effect of system is in an opposite direction of the variation = "negative feedback" |
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-the capacity of a system to maintain homeostasis
-gain = correction/error
*error is the amount of variation from normal that exists if the system is functioning correctly |
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| what does a large gain mean? |
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-the system has a high capacity to correct a disturbance and to maintain homeostasis
-ex. control systems that regulate important functions (body temp, cardiac output) |
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| example of gain: regulation of blood pressure |
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1.) heart action causes increasing blood pressure in blood vessels
2.) baroreceptors in cartoid artery relay information to brain that blood pressure has increased
3.) brain signals heart to contract more slowly and with less force
4.) blood pressure decreases |
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| submaximal exercise (in a cool environment) |
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| the body's control systems can maintain steady state for an extended period of time |
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| maximal exercise (in a hot/humid environment) |
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may not be able to maintain steady state
severe disturbances in homeostasis can occur |
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