Term
| Describe some of the basics questions to ask during a history |
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Definition
| What is the primary problem, how long has it been occurring, does it affect daily activities, alleviated or aggravating factors, quantity/quality of pain |
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Term
| Dsypnea is a classic symptom of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Gastroesophageal reflux or chronic sinusitis shares what symptom? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is included in you differential diagnosis if dyspnea is accompanied by sudden heart pain? |
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Definition
| Pneumothorax, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary edema, myocardial infarction |
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Term
| Episodic dyspnea associated with exertion suggests what? |
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Definition
| Parenchymal lung disease or cardiac dysfunction |
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Term
| Dyspnea that is seasonal or triggered by environmental exposure suggests what? |
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Definition
| asthma or hypersensitivity pneumonitis |
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Term
| What might cause positional dyspnea? |
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Definition
| Severe obstructive lung disease, congestive heart failure, diaphragmatic paralysis or neuromuscular weakness |
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Term
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Definition
| Dyspnea that occurs in the supine position |
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Term
| Orthopnea is most commonly associated with what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Exercise induced asthma results in what? |
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Definition
| Dyspnea out of proportion to the degree of exertion |
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Term
| What is the most common (but not only) cause of wheezing? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the presence of asthma establish the diagnosis of asthma? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are other causes of wheezing? |
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Definition
| Congestive heart failure, endobronchial obstruction, vocal cord abnormalities, acute bronchitis, allergic reactions |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of cough? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are ACE inhibitors related to cough? |
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Definition
| May cause dry cough months after initiation |
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Term
| What is cough variant asthma? |
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Definition
| When a cough is the only symptom of asthma |
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Term
| Describe chronic bronchitis |
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Definition
| Persistent cough resulting in sputum production for more than 3 months in each of the last 3 years |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of chronic cough? |
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Definition
| Post nasal drip, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Bloody sputum usually due to a persistent or forceful cough resulting in irritation of the bronchial lining |
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Term
| Hemoptysis may be a sign of what? |
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Definition
| Pneumonia, cancer, tuberculosis |
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Term
| What might cause massive hemoptysis? |
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Definition
| Lung cancer, pulmonary hemorrhage, AV malformations and bronchiectasis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common cause of hemoptysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is pleuritic chest pain? |
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Definition
| Disease or inflammation of the pleura cause “pleuritic” chest pains. These are characterized as sharp or stabbing pains during deep inspiration. Known as “Pleurisy” |
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Term
| What kind of pain receptors exist in lunch parenchyma? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pains due to pulmonary emboli, infection, and pneumothorax are usually what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Benign chest pain is usually reproducible how? |
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Definition
| Movement or palpation over the affected area |
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Term
| What is the result of elderly patients or those with underlying lung disease not receiving adequate analgesia for chest pain? |
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Definition
| Splinting which may reduce their vital capacity or lead to atelectasis and pneumonia |
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Term
| What is the most prevalent environmental toxin causing lung disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Obstructive lung disease has what effect on the thoracic cage? |
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Definition
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Term
| What diseases can produce restrictive ventilatory disease as a consequence of distortion and restriction of the volume of the thoracic cavity? |
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Definition
| Severe kyphoscoliosis, pectus excavatum, ankylosing spondylitis, and morbid obesity |
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Term
| Deviation of the trachea may suggest what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A faint vibration felt best with the edge of the hand against the patient’s chest wall while the patient is speaking. Ask pt. to say “99” |
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Term
| Where is fremitus increased? |
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Definition
| In areas of lung consolidation (pneumonia) |
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Term
| Where is fremitus decreased? |
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Definition
| Areas where there may be an obstruction, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, or emphysema |
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Term
| Hyperresonance upon percussion indicates what? |
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Definition
| Pneumothorax or hyperinflation |
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Term
| What is whispered pectoriloquy? |
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Definition
| Increased transmission of vocal sounds. Occurs in the presence of consolidation |
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Term
| What is egophony and what does it indicate? |
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Definition
The spoken letter “e” sounds like an “a” over the area of consolidation
Increased resonance of sounds heard when auscultating the lungs.
Usually due to consolidations, pleural effusions, tumor or pneumonia |
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Term
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Definition
| Mucous in the airways or the opening of large and medium-sized airways often causes coarse crackles. Fine crackles are produced with inspiration by the opening of collapsed alveoli. Most common at the bases. Heard in pulmonary edema or pneumonia |
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Term
| What is wheezing and what does it indicate? |
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Definition
High pitched, hissing sounds which suggests large airway obstruction.
Heard diffusely over all lung fields in asthma or congestive heart failure |
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Term
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Definition
| A crunching sound timed with the cardiac cycle. Heard in patients with a pneumomediastinum (a condition in which air is present in the mediastinum - the space in the chest between the two lungs) |
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Term
| A differential diagnosis should be obtainable based on what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Computed tomography (CT) is an excellent tool to evaluate what in the lungs? |
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Definition
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